REFERENCES
for CHAPTER 7

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1. "The Independence of Psychohistory" in Lloyd deMause' ed. The New Psychohistory. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1975; "The Formation of the American Personality Through Psychospeciation" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1976): 1-30; "The Psychogenic Theory of History" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977):
253-67; "Jimmy Carter and American Fantasy" in Lloyd deMause and Henry Ebel, eds. Jimmy Carter andAmerican Fantasy. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1977; and "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal of Psychohistory 7(1979): 1-70.
2. In psychoanalytic terms, the leader is not a whole object but a "self-object" (Heinz Kohut, The Restoration of the Self New York: International Universities Press, 1977), a "toilet-lap" (Donald Meltzer, The Psycho-Analytical Process. London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1967), a "container" for projective identifications (Leon Grinberg et al., Jntroduction to the Work of Bion. New York: Jason
Aronson, 1977; James Grotstein, Splitting and Projective Identification. New York:
Jason Aronson, 1981.)
3. Although the concept of the "humiliating other" is mine (see footnote 1 references), for the psychoanalytic literature on pathological humiliation fantasies see Julian L. Stamm, "The Meaning of Humiliation and Its Relationship to Fluctuations in Self-Esteem" International Review of Psycho-Analysis 5(1978): 425-33.
4. Stuart S. Asch, "Suicide, and the Hidden Executioner" International Review of Psycho-Analysis 7(1980): 51-60.
5. Emanuel Peterfreund, Information, Systems and Psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press, 1971, p.74.
6. Sigmund Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams" Standard Edition 4(1900), p.400; "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety" Standard Edition 20(1926), p. 137; for a discussion of Freud's views on prenatal life, see Phyllis Greenacre, Trauma, Growth and Personality. London: Hogarth Press, 1952.
7. Sigmund Freud, "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety" Standard Edition 20(1926), pp.96 and 130.
8. This story is told (without citing its source) by D. W. Winnicott, Collected Papers:
Through Pediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. New York: Basic Books) 1958, p.175.
9. The full story is only recovered by combining Jessie Taft, Otto Rank: A Biographical Study Based on Notebooks, Letters, Collected Writings, Therapeutk Achievements and Personal Associations. New York: The Julian Press, 1958, and Pay B. Karpf, The Psychology and Psychotherapy of Otto Rank. Westport, Conn., 1953.
10. For the source of the problems Freud had with feelings surrounding birth, and their connection whh the birth of his siblings, see Lucy Freeman and Herbert Strean, Freud and Women. New York: Frederick Ungar, in press.
11. Karl Abraham, "The Spider as a Dream Symbol" Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1957, p.332.
12. "Spider Phobias" Psychoanalytic Quarterly 36(1967): 52; "Umbilical Cord Sym-bolism of the Spider's Dropline" Psychoanalytic Quarterly 35(1966): 589; "Oral Aggression in Spider Legends" American Imago 23(1966): 169.
13. Calvin S. Hall, "Prenatal and Birth Experiences in Dreams" Psychoanalytic Review 54(1967): 157-74.
14. Phyllis Greenacre, "The Biological Economy of Birth" Psychoanalytk Study of the Child 1(1945): 40.
15. D. W. Winnicott, "Birth Memories, Birth Trauma, and Anxiety" in his Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psycho-Analysis. New York: Basic Books, 1958, p.
178.

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16.A brief, inadequate review of the literature can be found in P. M. Ploye, "DoesPrenatal Mental Exist?" International Journal of Psycho-Analysis Life 54(1973): 241-6.
17. Otto Rank, The Trauma of Birth. New York: Richard Brunner, 1952; also see Rank's The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings, edited by Philip Freand. New York: Random House, 1932, and The Double.' A Psychoanalytk Study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971.
18. Jessie Taft, Otto Rank, p.92. The Rankian practice of making all psychotherapy into a nine-month rebirth ritual came much later. Oddly enough, more recent psychoanalytic research (see Gilbert J. Rose, "Transference Birth Fantasies and Nar-cissism" Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 17(1969): 1015-29) con-firms the frequent occurrence of birth fantasies in the ninth month of analysis-without, of course, concluding as Rankians did that the therapy should thereby be considered terminated.
19. For a bibliography of this project, which remains totally unintegrated into psychoanalytic theory, see Margaret F. Fries, "Longitudinal Study: Prenatal Period to Parenthood" Journal of the Amerkan Psychoanalytic Association 25(1977):
11540 and Margaret E. Fries, Marie Coleman Nelson, Paul J. Woolf "Developmental and Etiological Factors in the Treatment of Character Disorder with Archaic Ego Function" Psychoanalytic Review 67(1980): 337-52.
20. New Hyde Park, New York: University Books, 1949.
21. Ibid., pp.309 and 3.
22. Described in Maarten Lietaert Peerbolte, "Some Problems Connected Whh Fodor's Birth-Trauma Therapy" Psychiatric Quarterly 26(1952): 294-306.
23. A basic list of Francis S. Mott's major work includes The Universal Design of Birth. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1948; The Universal Design of Creation. Edenbridge: Mark Beech, 1964; The Universal Design of the Oedi:'us Complex. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1950; The Nature of the Self London: Allen Wingate, 1959; The Myth of the Chosen People. London: Integration Publishing Co., 1953; and Mythology of the Prenatal Life. London: Integration Publishing Co., 1960.
24. Yet I do not want to overlook my own debt to Mott for his courage in fetal investiga-tion, particularly his clinical and mythological interpretation of the placenta as a "twin" and a "blood-sucking monster." The unavailability of Mott's writings is paralleled by the unavailability of those of Dev Satya-Nand, whose prolific psychoanalytic writings on fetal psychology (70 listings in one issue of Grinstein's Psychoanalytic Index alone) are all in Indian journals unavailable to me.
25. A good summary of Grof's work can be found in his "Perinatal Roots of Wars, Totalitarianism and Revolutions: Observations from LSD Research" Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 269-308; his basic reference on birth is Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
26. Leslie Feher, in her The Psychology of Birth. London: Souvenir Press, 1980; New York: Continuum, 1981, goes beyond other rebirthers by considering mental life before birth, although even she states that "the first trauma is birth." Arthur Janov, The Feeling Child. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973; John Rowan, Ed. The Un-divided Selfi An Introduction to Primal Integration. London: Center for the Whole Person, 1978.
27. Arnaldo y Matilde Rascovsky et al., Niveles Profundo del Psiquismo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1971 and Arnaldo Rascovsky, El Psiquismo FetaL Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidos, 1977
28. A partial list of ISSP member publications includes: M. Lietaert Peerbolte, Psychic Energy in Prenatal Dynamics, Parapsychology, Peak-Experiences. Wassenaar: Servere Publishers, 1975; M. Lietaert Pierbolte, De Foetale Psyche. Inleiding tot de prenatale psychodynamika. Antwerpen, Soethoudt, 1979; Gustav Hans Graber,

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Gesammelte Schriften. 4 Bde. Berlin: Pinel, 1975-79; Gustav Hans Graber, Hrsg. In- ternationale Studiengemeinschaft fOr Prttnatale Psychologie. Pranatale Psychologie. Munchen: Kindler Taschenbucher, 1974; Friedrich Kruse, Die Anfange des menschlichen Seelenlebens. Stuttgart: Enke, 1969. More popular articles can be found in Friedrich Kruse, "Nos Souvenirs du corp maternal" Psychologie, July, 1977, pp. 51-6 and Friedrich Kruse "Wann beginnt die Kindheit?" Kindheit 1(1979): 5-27.
29. G. S. Daives, "Revolutions and Cyclical Rhythms in Prenatal Life: Fetal Respiratory Movements Rediscovered." Pediatrics 51(1973): 965.
30. Robert II. Emde and Jean Robinson, "The First Two Months: Recent Research in Developmental Psychobiology and the Changing View of the Newborn" in S. Noshpitz, editor. Bask Handbook of Child Psychiatry. Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1979, p.72.
30. Robert N. Emde and Jean Robinson, "The First Two Months: Recent Research in Developmental Psychobiology and the Changing View of the Newborn" in S. Noshpitz, editor. Bask Handbook of Child Psychiatry. Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1979, p.72.
31. There are any number of fine books which explain fetal development in lay terms, in-cluding Robert Rugh and Landrum B. Shettles, From Conception to Birth: The Drama of Life's Beginnings. New York: Harper and Row, 1971; Axel Ingelman-Sundberg and Claes Wirsen, A Child Is Born. New York: Dell Publishing, 1965; and Linda F. Annes, The Child Before Birth. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
32. Rugh, From Conception to Birth, p.56; Robert M. Bradley and Charlotte M. Mistret-ta, "Fetal Sensory Receptors" Physiological Reviews 55(1975): 358; Tryphena Hum-phrey, "Function of the Nervous System During Prenatal Life" in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology of the Perinatal Period. Vol.2. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, pp.754-89.
33. Robert C. Goodlin, Care of the Fetus. New York: Masson Publishing, 1979, p.1.
34. Robert M. Bradley and Charlotte M. Mistretta, "The Sense of Taste and Swallowing Activity in Foetal Sheep," in Foetal and Neonatal Physiology. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1973, p.81.
35. 5. Bernard and L. Sontag, "Fetal Reactions to Sound" Journal of Genetic Psychology 70(1947): 209-10; 5. C. Grimwade et al., "Human Fetal Heartrate Change and Movement in Response to Sound and Vibration" A merkan Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(1971): 86-90; D. K. Spelt, "The Conditioning of the Human Fetus in Utero" Journal of Experimental Psychology 38(1948): 454-61. Similarly, another study showed fetuses were habituated to loud noises after birth, sleeping soundly through aircraft takeoffs that awakened other babies. See Robert Bradley, "Fetal Sensory Receptors," p.358.
36. For instance, see Linda Annes, The Child Before Birth, pp.49 and 58; M. F. Ashley-Montagu, Life Before Birth. New York: New American Library, 1964, p.207; L. Car-michael, "The Onset and Early Development of Behavior" in L. Carmichael, editor, Manual of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1946, p.136; Phyllis Greenacre, "The Biological Economy of Birth," p.41.
37. U. R. Langworthy, "Development of Behavior Patterns and Myelinization of the Nervous System in the Human Fetus and Infant" Contributions to Embryology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C. Vol. XXIV, No.139, 1933.
38. W. F. Windle, Physiology of the Fetus. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1940, p.
163; M. Bekoff and M. Fox "Postnatal Neural Ontogony" Developmental Psychobiology 5(1972): 323-41.
39. Maggie Scarf, Body, Mind, Behavior. New York: Dell Publishing, 1976. pp.23-40; Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.192.
40. A. W. Liley, "The Foetus as a Personality" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 6(1972): 103.

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41. A. B. Roberts, D. Griffen, R. Mooney, D. S. Cooper and S. Campbell, '1FetalActivi-ty in 100 Normal Third Trimester Pregnancies" British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1980): 480-4; Williamina A. Himwick, "Physiology of the Neonatal Central Nervous System" in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology of the Perinatal Period. Vol.2. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, pp.732-8.
42. L. 0. R. Van Dongen, Elizabeth 0. Goudie, "Fetal Movements in the First Trimester of Pregnancy" British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1980): 191-3.
43. Menachem Granat, Paretz Lavie, Daniela Adar, Mordechai Sharf, "Short-Term Cycles in Human Fetal Activity. I. Normal Pregnancies." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 696-701.
44. Bibliographic references can be found in Christopher Norwood, At Highest Risk: Environmental Hazards to Young and Unborn Children. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980 and Child at Risk: A Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Health, Welfare and Science. Quebec: Canadian Government Publishing Center, 1980.
45. The best survey on smoking by pregnant mothers is Peter A. Fried and Harry Oxorn, Smoking for Two: Cigarettes and Pregnancy. New York: Free Press, 1980; also see N. S. Berrill. The Person in the Womb. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1968; and L Thaler, J. D. S. Goodman, and G. S. Daives, "Effects of Maternal Cigarette Smok-ing on Fetal Breathing and Fetal Movements" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 138(1980): 282-7.
46. Roger E. Stevenson, The Fetus and Newly Born Infant Influences of the PrenatalEn-vironment 2nd Edition. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1977; Child at Risk, pp.13-15.
47 Raymond D. Harbison, editor, Perinatal Addktion. New York: Spetrum Publica-tions, 1975; D. H. Scott, "The Child's Hazards in Utero," in John G. Howells, editor, Modern Perspectives in International Child Psychiatry. New York: Brunner Mazel, 1971, pp.19-60.
48. Child at Risk, pp. 10-12; L. W. Sontag, "Difference in Modifiability of Fetal Behavior and Physiology" Psychosomatic Medicine 6(1944): 151-4; S.D. Lloyd-Still, editor. Malnutrician and Intellectual Development. Littleton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, 1976; also see the various publications of the Society for the Protec-tion of the Unborn Through Nutrition.
49. Christopher Norwood, At Highest Risk, p.6.
50. Roger Stevenson, The Fetus and Newly Born Infant, p.3.
51. Lester W. Sontag, "Implications of Fetal Behavior and Environment for Adult Per-sonalities" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 134(1965): 782-6; Melvin Zax, Arnold S. Sameroff, Haroutun M. Babigian, "Birth Outcomes in the Offspring of Mentally Disordered Women" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 47(1977): 218-30.
52. Abram Blau, et al., "The Psychogenic Etiology of Premature Births" Psychosomatic Medicine 25(1963): 201-Il; Robert McDonald, "The Role of Emotional Factors in Obstetric Complications: A Review" Psychosomatic Medicine 30(1968): 222-36; Kay Standley, Bradley Soule, Stuart A. Capans, "Dimensions of Prenatal Anxiety and Their Influence on Pregnancy Outcome" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 135(1979): 22-6; A. S. Ferreira, "The Pregnant Woman's Emotional At-titude and Its Reflection on the Newborn" Journal of Orthopsychiatry 30(1960); 553-61; E. K. Turner, "The Syndrome in the Infant Resulting from Maternal Emo-tional Tension During Pregnancy" Medical Journal of Australia 1(1956): 221-2.
53. Ernest M. Gruenberg, "On the Psychosomatics of the Not-So-Perfect Fetal Parasite" in Stephen A. Richardson and Alan F. Guttmacher, editors, Childbearing-Its Social and Psychologkal Aspects. New York: Williams & Wilkins, 1967, p.54.
54. Elaine Grimm, "Psychological and Social Factors in Pregnancy, Delivery, and Out-come" in Richardson and Guttmacher, eds., Childbearing, p.2; Antonio S. Ferreira,

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"Emotional Factors in Prenatal Environment: A Review" Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 141(1965): 108-18.
55 Ronald E. Myers, "Maternal Psychological Stress and Fetal Asphyxia: A Study in the Monkey" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 122(1975): 47-59; Antonio J. Ferreira, Prenatal Environment. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1969; a splendid survey of the literature on the many effects of laboratory stressing of preg-nant animals can be found in Lorraine Roth Herrenkihl, "Prenatal Stress Reduces Fertility and Fecundity in Female Offspring," paper read at the 86th Annual Conven-tion of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada, August, 1978. Philadelphia: Temple University, 1978, mimeographed.
56. Antonio Ferreira, Prenatal Environment, pp.133-6.
57. Lester Sontag, "Implications of Fetal Behavior and Environment for Adult Per-sonalities" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 134(1965): 782-6.
58. Ibid., p.785.
59. D. H. Stott, "Follow-up Study from Birth of the Effects of Prenatal Stress" Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 15(1973): 770-87; Lester Sontag, "The Significance of Fetal Environmental Differences" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 42(1941): 996-1003; and several studies listed in Child at Risk, p.16.
60. Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.10
61. Dennis H. Stott, testimony, in Senate of Canada: Standing Senate Committee on Health, Welfare and Science. Third Session, Thirtieth Parliament, 1977, "Childhood Experiences of Criminal Behavior," Issue No. I, Second Proceeding, Nov.24, 1977. However, for evidence that emotional conflicts with the mother's major female com-panion are more disturbing to the pregnancy, see Richard L. Cohen, "Maladaptions to Pregnancy," Seminars in Perinatology 3(1979): 15-24.
62. Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p.193.
63. Ibid., p.93. Aborted fetuses can cry as early as 21 weeks old; see Tryphina Humphrey, "Function of the Nervous System During Prenatal Life" in Stave, Physiology of the Perinatal Period, p.78.
64. Sepp Schindler, "The Dreaming Fetus," paper given at the International Society for the Study of Prenatal Psychology Congress, Bern, Switzerland, September 17, 1976.
65. For bibliographic surveys of the "Mt. Everest in utero" debate, see Giacomo Meschia "Evolution of Thinking in Fetal Respiratory Physiology" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 132(1978): 806-10; Andrt B. Hellegers, "Placental Ex-change of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide" in H. M. Carey, editor, Modern Trends in Human Reproductive Physiology. London: Butterworths, 1963; Donald H. Barron, "The Environment in Which the Fetus Lives: Lessons Learned Since Barcroft" in Joseph Barcroft, editor, Researches in Prenatal Life. Springfield, Ill., Thomas, 1947.
66. Giacomo Meschia, "Evolution of Thinking," p. 807; Heinz Bartels. Prenatal Respiration. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1970, p.47; Lubor Jilek et al., "Characteristic Metabolic and Functional Responses to Oxygen Deficiency in the Central Nervous System" in Uwe Stave, editor, Physiology ofthePerinatalperiod, p. 987.
67. Heinz Bartels, Prenatal Respiration, p.123.
68. T. Weber and N.J. Secher, "Transcutaneous Fetal Oxygen Tension and Fetal Heart Rate Pattern Preceding Fetal Death-A Case Report" British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87(1980): 165-8.
69. Giacomo Meschia, "Evolution of Thinking," p.810.
70. C. A. M. Jansen et al., "Continuous Variability of Fetal P02 in the Chronically Catheterized Fetal Sheep" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 776-83.
71. Joseph Barcroft, Researches in Pre-Natal Life. Vol I. Springfield, 111.: Charles Thomas, 1947, pp.209 and 252.

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72. Erich Saling, Foetal and Neonatal Hypoxia in Relation to Clinical Obstetric Practice.
London: Edward Arnold, 1968; also see E. Stewart Taylor, Beck's Obstetrical Prac-tice and Fetal Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1976, p.57.
73. Lubor Jilek et al., "Characteristic Metabolic and Functional Responses," p.1043.
74. Peter Boylan and Peth J. Lewis, "Fetal Breathing in Labor" Obstetrks and Gynecology 56(1980): 35-8; Peter Lewis, Peter Boylan, "Fetal Breathing: A Review" American Journal of Obstetrks and Gynecology 134(1979): 587-98; Hisayo 0. Morishima et al., "Reduced Uterine Blood Flow and Fetal Hypoxemia With Acute Maternal Stress: Experimental Observation in the Pregnant Baboon" American Jour-nal of Obstetrics end Gynecology 134(1979): 270-5; Carl Wood, Adrian Walker and Robert Yardley, "Acceleration of the Fetal Heart Rate" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 134(1979): 523-7; Robert Goodlin, Care of the Fetus, p. 193.
75. See the bibliographic references in Child at Risk, pp.20-i; Norman L. Corah et al., "Effects of Perinatal Anoxia After Seven Years" Psychologkal Monographs: General and Applied, No.596; 79(4)(1965): 1-34; Ira S. Wile and Rone Davis, "The Relation of Birth to Behavior" American Journal of Orthopsychiatric 11(1941): 320-4; Annemargret Osterkamp and David J. Sands, "Early Feeding and Birth Dif-ficulties in Childhood Schizophrenia: A Brief Study" Journal of Genetk Psychology 101(1962): 363-6; New York Times, April 10, 1975, p.48; M. Shearer, "Fetal Monitoring: Do the Benefits Outweight the Drawbacks?" Birth and Family Journal 1(1973-4): 12-18.
76. Jacques Gillemeau, Child-birth or, The delivery of Women. London: A. Hatfield,
1612; Lisbeth Burger, Memoirs of a Midwife (1880). New York: Vanguard Press, 1934; A. J. Rongy, Chddbirth: Yesterday and Today. The Story of Childbirth Through the Ages, to the Present. New York: Emerson Books, 1937, p.35; Jean Don-nison, Midwives and Medical Men: A History of Jnter-Professional Rivalries and Women's Rights. New York: Schocken Books, 1977, pp.11 and 31; Ian Young, The Private Life of Islam. London: Butler and Tanner, 1974; Palmer Finley, Priests of Lucina: The Story of Obstetrics. Boston: Little, Brown, 1939, p. 114; James H. Avel-mg, English Midwives: Their History and Prospects. London: Hugh K. Elliott, 1967, pp. 13 and 38; Hermann H. Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul Bartels. Woman: An Historical, Gynaecological and Anthropologkal Compendium. Vol. II. London: William Heinemann, 1935, pp.714-58.
77. Denys E. R. Kelsey, "Fantasies of Birth and Prenatal Experiences Recovered From Patients Undergoing Hypnoanalysis" Journal of Mental Science 99(1953): 216-23; Marilyn Ferguson, "Using Altered States of Conscious to Improve Recall" Quest 1(1977): 123; T. R; Verney, "The Psychic Life of the Unborn," paper given at the Fifth World Congress of Psycho-Somatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rome.
78. A thoughtful attack on assumptions about the "undifferentiated" newborn can be seen in Emanuel Peterfreund, "Some Critical Comments on Psychoanalytic Concep-tions of Infancy" International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 59(1978): 42740.
79. CBS-TV, "The Miracle Months," March 16, 1977, 8:00 P.M. EST.
80. James Grotstein, Splitting and Projective Identification. New York: Jason Aronson, 1981.
81. Phyllis Greenacre, "The Influence of Infantile Trauma on Genetic Patterns," in S. Furst, editor, Psychic Trauma. New York: Basic Books, 1967; also see H. 'crystal, edhor, Massive Psychic Trauma. New York: International Universities Press, 1968. A fine theoretical summary and bibliographic guide to the question of trauma and the repetition compulsion can be found in Jonathan Cohen, "Structural Consequences of Psychic Trauma: A New Look at 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle.' " International Journal of Psycho-A nalysis 61(1980): 421-32.

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82. Sigmund Freud, "The Ego and the Id" Standard Edition 19(1923), p.40; Michael Balint, The Basic Fault Therapeutic Aspects of Regression. London: Tavistock Publications, 1968.
83. See Vamik D. Volkan, Primitive Internalized Object Relations. New York: Interna-tional Universities Press, 1976.
84. Lester Little, "Spider Phobias." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 36(1967): 51-60.
85. Wilfred Bion, Experiences in Groups. New York: Basic Books, 1959, p.142.
86. Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy. London, 1923; Mircea Eliade, The Sacred& The Profane The Nature of Religions. New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1959.
87. Ibid., p. Sa; Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion. New York: Sheed and Ward,
1958, p.231.
88. Mircea Eliade, "Methodological Remarks on the Study of Religious Symbolism" in Eliade and J. M. Kitagawa, editors, The History of Religions: Essays in Methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959, p.93.
89. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964, p.272.
90. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.33; smearing the sacrificial pole with human blood can be found in Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Inhiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth. New York: Harper & Row, 1958, p.S, and bleeding sacred trees in James G. Frazer, The Golden Bough (1)100.
91. Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return: or, Cosmos and History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954, pp.12-17.
92. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.44
93. Robert Briffault, The Mothers. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1963, p.306; Douglas Hill, "Serpent," in Richard Cavendish, editor, Man, Myth and Magic. Volume 18. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1970, p.2528; a splendid survey of the literature of serpents can be found in Kenneth A. Adams, Family and Fantasy: Dread of the Female and the Narcissistic Ethos in Amerkan Culture, doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, 1980.
94. Frances Huxley, The Dragon: Nature of Spirit, Spirit of Nature. New York: Collier Books, 1979; Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.48.
95. Eliade, Myth of the Eternal Return, p.101.
96. The concept of the 'sacrificial crisis" is brilliantly detailed in Rene Girard, Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977
97. See Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966; Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, p.14.
98. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, p.96.
99. Eliade, Sacred & Profane, p.79.
100. Many are from Stefen Lorant, Sieg Hed! An Illustrated History of Germany from Bismarck to Hitler New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.
101. See Eliade, Shamanism, pp.487-94; Eliade, The Two and the One. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965, pp.160-88; Kenneth Adams, Family andFantasy, p.373-S.
102. Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, pp.2140.
103. Adam Macfarlane, The Psychology of Childbirth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977, p.9.
104. Eliade, Myth of the Eternal Return, pp.29-39.
105. Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, p.21.
106. Ibid., p.33.
107. Evidence for the psychogenic theory of the evolution of parent-child relations can be found in deMause, editor, The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974; Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York:

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Psychohistory Press, 1976; deMause, "The Psychogenic Theory of History," Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 253-67; and over 30 articles by deMause and others on childhood in the History of Childhood Quarterly (changed in 1976 to The Journal of Psychohistory.) Evidence for the psychogenic theory as applied to primitive childrear-ing is contained in an unpublished study by deMause on "Primitive Childrearing in Evolutionary Perspective," some of the details on which will appear in his forthcom-ing A Psychohistory of the West.
108. Alexander Marshack, The Roots of Civilization: The Cognitive Beginnings of Man's First Art, Symbol andNotation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972; An-dre' Leroi-Gourhaa, Treasures ofPrehistoric Art New York: Harry N. Abrams, n.d.; for a psychohistorical discussion of these two works, see Robert S. McCully, "Archetypal Psychology as a Key for Understanding Prehistoric Art Forms" History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 3(1976): 523-42.
109. Marshack, Roots of Civilization, p.28.
110. Ibid., p.49.
111. Ibid., p.283.
112. The conclusions of anthropologists like Whiting, Child, Bacon and others that hunting groups have a wide range of child-rearing modes from poor to good are-un-fortunately in my opinion (see footnote 107)-based on wholly inadequate an-thropological field evidence. We started The Journal of Psychological Anthropology precisely to counter this condition and to give psychoanalytically - trained anthropologists a chance to restudy these groups. Whatever reliable evidence does exist, however, confirms the infanticidal basis of their parenting, and the mistake of previous anthropologists of labeling neglect "permissiveness" and symbiotic clinging "warmth."
113. GSa ROheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood" The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 2(1962): 200.
114. GSa Roheim ,Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, p.62.
115. Ibid., pp.63 and 60.
116. Arthur F. Hippler, "A Culture and Personality Perspective of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I-Early Socialization." Journal of Psychological Anthropology l(1978):22144.
117. For references to studies embodying all these definitions of "primitive," see Robert N. Bellah, "Religious evolution" in William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt, Reader in Comparative Religion. New York: Harper and Row, 1965, pp.76-8; also see GSa ROheim, The Gates of the Dream. New York: International Universities Press, 1952.
118. Australian ritual is best described in GSa R6heim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: The Alknarintja." The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 3(1964): 173-96; GSa ROheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology; GSa Roheim, Children of the Desert The Western Tribes of Central Australia. Vol. I. New York: Basic Books, 1974; GSa R6heim, The Eternal Ones of the Dream: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation ofAustralian Myth and RituaL New York: International Universities Press, 1945. It might be noted that the actual placenta is noisy, and the main sound the fetus hears in the womb is the surging of blood through the placenta-thus it is appropriate that the placental bull-roarer be noisy.
119. Janice Delaney, Mary Jane Lipton, and Emily Toth, The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1976, p.S; also see William N. Stephens, A Cross-Cultural Study of Menstrual Taboos, Provincetown, Mass.: Genetic Psychology Mongraphs, 1961. Primitive women often drink menstrual blood in their initiation rituals, thus proving its placental rather than "castration anxiety" orgins; see Marla N. Powers, "Menstruation and Reproduction: An Oglala Case." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6(1980): 61.

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120. Johannes Maringer, The Gods ofPrehistoric Man. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson,
1956, pp.212 and 60.
121. Marshack, Roots of Civilization, pp.297, 319.
122. Henri V. Vallois, "The Social Life of Early Man: The Evidence of Skeletons," in Sherwood L. Washburn, editor, Social Life of Early Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961, p.225.
123. Maringer, Gods of Prehistoric Man, pp.10-19.
124. McCully, "Archtypal Psychology as a Key for Understanding Prehistoric Art Forms," p, 528-9.
125. Ibid., p.542.
126. Marshack, The Roots of Civilization, p.277.
127. Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, pp. 145-6,173.
128. Melanie Klein, Narrative of a Child Analysis: The Conduct of the Pscho-Analysis of Children As Seen in the Treatment of a Ten-Year-Old Boy. New York: Delta, 1975, pp.66-79. Klein correctly interpreted the scene of the battle as the mother's womb, but couldn't figure out what red "octopus" drawings were, so called them the "father's penis."
129. Rhoda Kellogg, Analyzing Children's Art Palo Alto: National Press Books, n.d.
130. Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, p.144.
131. Ibid., p.181.
132. John E. Pfeiffer, The Emergence of Man. New York: Harper & Row, 1969, p.366.
133. Kent V. Flannery, "Origins and Ecological Effects of Early Domestication in Iran and the Near East," in Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969, p.75.
134. Richard B. Lee, "What Hunters Do For a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources," in Richard Lee and Irven DeVore, edhors, Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, p.33.
135. Ivan Paulson, "The Animal Guardian: A Critical and Synthetic Review" History of Religions 3(1963): 202-19; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas. Volume I: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, p. 8. The reference to "Kill the Beast" is, of course, from William Golding's insightful novel, Lord of the Files.
136. Alberto Blanc, "Some Evidence for the Ideologies of Early Man" in Sherwood L. Ashburn, editor, Social Life of Early Man. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1961, pp.126-34; E.G. James, Prehistoric Religion. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1957, pp. 19-21; Joshua A. Hoffs, "Anthropophagy (Cannibalism): Its Relation to the Oral Stage of Development" Psychoanalytic Review 50(1963): 29-49; Garry Hogg, Can-nibalism and Human Sacnfice. New York: Citadel Press, 1966; Eli Sagan, Can-nibalism: Human Aggression and Cultural Form. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
137. Nigel Davies, Human Sacrifice, pp.31-3.
138. Maringer, The Gods of Prehistoric Man, pp.33-9.
139. Gerald A. Zegwaard, "Headhunting Practices of the Asmat of Netherlands New Guinea," American Anthropologist 61(1959): 1021-41.
140. For literature on placental practices, see James George Frazer, The Golden Bough. Volume I, Part I: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. London: MacMillan, 1951, pp.182-200; M. E. Crawly, The Mystic Rose. London, 1902, p.119; Harold Speert, Iconographia Gyniatrica: A Pictorial History of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1973, pp.190, 251; William B. Ober, "Notes on Placen-tophagy" Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2nd ser., 55(1979): 591-9; Geza ROheim, "The Thread of Life" Psychoanalytic Quarterly 17(1948): 471-86; Ger-trude Jobes, Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Symbols, VoL 2. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1961, p. 1277; Robert Briffault, The Mothers: A Study of the

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Origins of Sentiments and Institutions. VoL Ii London: George Allen & Unwin, 1927, p.590; G. Elliott Smith, Human History. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934, p. 341; Ralph Linton, The Tree of Culture. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1959, p. 461; Karen Janszen, "Meat of Life," Science Digest, November/December, 1980, pp. 78-81, 122.
141 John Roscoe, The Baganda: An Account of their Native Customs and Beliefs. 2nd Edition. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966; John Roscoe, "Further Notes on the Man-ners and Customs of the Baganda" Journal of the [RoyaL' Anthropological Institute 32: 25-80; Tor Irstam, The Kings of Ganda: Studies in the Institution of Sacral Kingship in Africh. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1970.
142. R6heim, Eternal Ones of the Dream, pp.14, 196.
143. Mara N. Powers, "Menstruation and Reproduction: An Oglala Case," p.59.
144. R6heim, Eternal Ones of the Dream, p.239.
145. Knud Rasmussen, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition, 1921-24, Vol. VI, No. I, In-tellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, 1929, pp.124-8.
146. Frances L. K. Hsu, Psychologkal Anthropology: Approaches to Culture and Personality. Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press, 1961, p.387.
147. Robert F. Harper, trans., The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon About 2250 B.C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904, p.73; George H. Payne, The Child in Human Progress. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916, p.101; Christopher J. Lucas, "The Scribe Tablet-House in Ancient Mesopotamia" History of Education Quarterly 19(1979): 305-32.
148. Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. London: Methuen & Co.,
1927, p.189; Albrecht Peiper, Chronik der Kinderheilkunde. Leipzig: Veb George Thieme, 1966, p.17.
149. See references to footnote 107.
150. Abt-Garrison, History of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1965, p.29; Payne, Child in Human Progress, pp.150-60; E. Wellisch, Issac and Oedipus. Lon-don: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954, p.13.
151. Luis Pericot, "The Social Life of Spanish Paleolithic Hunters as Shown by Levantine Art" in Sherwood Washburn, editor, Social Life of Early Man. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1961, pp. 194-213; Miles Burkett, The Old Stone Age. New York: Atheneum, 1963, p.231; Luis Pericot-Garcia, John Galloway, Andreas Lommel, Prehistoric and Primitive Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969, pp.81-97.
152. Lewis R. Binford, "Methodological Considerations of the Archeological Use of Ethnographic Data" in Richard Lee and Irben DeVore, editors, Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, p.272; R. DeVaux, Palestine During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, pp.4-14. That the Mesolithic showed an increase in invention and a decrease of big-game hunting which was not dependent on environmental change is proved in Lewis R. Binford, "Post-Pleistocene Adaptations" in Stuart Struever, editor, Prehistoric Agriculture. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1971, pp.27-33.
153. J.G. Hawks, "The Ecological Background of Plant Domestication" in Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animais. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1969, p.19; Gene Bylinsky, "The Beginnings of Civilized Man," Fortune, October, 1966, pp.159-236.
154. Melanie Klein, Contributions to Psycho-Analysis: 1921-1945. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, p.259.
155. Charles A. Reed, "The Pattern of Animal Domestication in the Prehistoric Near East," in Peter 3. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Ex-ploitation of Plants and Animals. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1969, p.373;

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Erich Isaac, "On the Domestication of Cattle," in Stuart Struever, editor, Prehistoric Agriculture. Garden City, N.Y.: National History Press, 1971, p.459-61.
156. James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch. The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, pp.156-9.
157. See Eli Sagan, The Lust to Annihilate: A Psychoanalytic Study of Violence in Ancient Greek Culture. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1979; Eli Sagan, Double-sided, Double-tounged, Self-contradictory and A ntagonistic: The Origins of Civilization, Tyranny, and the State, book-length manuscript, 1981.
158. Joseph Ca*ipbell, The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology. New York: Viking Press, 1964, p.79; the fetal battle is admirably summed up in Joseph Fontenrose, Python: A Study of Deiphic Myth and Its Origin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959.
159. Campbell, Masks of God, p.81.
160. Sidney Halper, "The Mother-Killer." Psychoanalytic Review 52(1965): 73.
161. Eliade, History of Reilgious Ideas, p.39.
162. James Mellaart, Catal Hilytik: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson, 1967, p. 54. Thus Freud was symbolically right anyway in his mut= mother =vulture equation; see also Noel Bradley, "The Vulture as Mother Symbol: A Note on Freud's Leonardo" American Imago 22(1965): 47-56.
163. For psychoanalytic discussions, see Edith Weigert-Vowinkel, "The Cult and Mythology of the Magna Mater from the Standpoint of Psychoanalysis" Psychiatry 1(1938): 353-76; and Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968. The writings of Jung and his followers are less useful to the psychohistorian, since the assumptions of "inheritance of archetypes" and "collective unconscious" are ultimately mystical.
164. Royden K. Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and Early Judaism. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952, p.50.
165.5. Angus, The Mystery-Religions and Christianity. New York: Charles Scribners, 1925, p.113.
166. Nigel Davies, Human Sacnfice: In History and Today. New York: William Morrow, 1981, pp.37-65.
167. Eugene Halpert, "Death, Dogs and Anubis" International Review of Psych~ Analysis 7(1980): 392; E. A. Budge, The Book of the Dead. New York: Bell Publishing, 1960, p.240; Richard Reichbart, "Heart Symbolism: The Heari - Breast and Heart - Penis Equations" Psychoanalytic Review 68(1981): 94.
168. C. G. Seligmann and Margaret A. Murray, "Notes Upon an Iltarly Egyptian Standard" Man 11(1911): 165-71; G. Elliott Smith, Human History. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934, p.331; Frazer, Golden Bough: Taboo and the Perils of the SouL VoL 2, p.68; Ange-Pierre Leca, The Egyptian Way of Death: Mummies and the Cult of the Immortal. New York: Doubleday, 1981.
169. Aylward Blackman, "Some Remarks on an Emblem Upon the Head of an Ancient Egyptian Birth-Goddess," Journal of Egyptian Archeology 3(1916): 199~206; Aylward Blackman "The Pharoah's Placenta and the Moon-Goadess 'chons," Jour-nal of Egyptian Archeology 3(1911): 23549; Otto Rank, The Double: A Psychoanalytic Study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971; Graf-ton Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1919, p.45.
170. Whitney Smith, Flags Throughout The Ages and Across The World. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975; M. Oldfield Howey, The Encircled Serpent A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries and Agei Philadelphia: David McKay, n.d., pp.97-9.
171. Smith, Human History, p.343.

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172. Clyde E. Keely, Secrets of the Cuna Earthmother: A Comparative Study ofAncient Religions. New York: Exposition Press, 1960; Clyde E. Keeler, Apples oflmmortality from the Cuna Tree of Life: The Study of a Most Ancient Ceremonial and a Belief that Survived 10,000 Years. New York: Exposition Press, 1961; Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods: A Study ofAncient Near Eastern Religion As the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, p.218.
173. A. A. Barb, "Diva Matrix" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 16: 201; James Clark Moloney, "Oedipus Rex, Cu Chulain, Khepri and the Ass" Psychoanalytic Review 54(1967): 201-47.
174. Wolfgang Lederer, "Oedipus and the Serpent" Psychoanalytic Quarterly 51(1964): 61944; James Clark Maloney, "The Origin of the Rejected and Crippled Hero Myths" American Imago 16(1959): 271-328; Alfred Plaut, "Historical and Cultural Aspects of the Uterus" Annals of the New York Academy of Science 75(1959): 389A1 1; George Widengren, The King and the Tree of Life in Ancient Near Eastern Religion. Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 1951:4.
175. Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods, pp.70-3.
176. Ibid., pp.91-2.
177. Ibid., pp.107-S.
178. Ibid., p.256.
179. Weston La Barre, They Shall Take Up Serpents: The Psychology of the Southern Snake-Handling Cult. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962.
180. Robert Briffaul, The Mothers, New York: Macmillan, 1959; Theodore Reik, Mystery on the Mountain: The Drama of the Sinai Revelation. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959; Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess. New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1967; Wolfgang Lederer, "Oedipus and the Serpent" Psychoanalytic Review 5(1965):
61944; Andrew Peto, "The Demonic Mother Imago in the Jewish Religion," Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 5(1958): ~80-7; Andrew Peto, "The Development of Ethical Monotheism" Psychoanalytic Study of Society 1(1960): 311-75; GSa R6heim, "Some Aspects of Semetic Monotheism" Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences 4(1965): 169-225; Dorothy Zeligs, "The Role of the Mother in the Development of Hebraic Monotheism" Psychoanalytic Study of Society 1(1960): 287-310.
181 Dionysius of Halicarnaussus, Roman Antiquities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1937, p.355; A Cameron, "The Exposure of Children and Greek Ethics" Classical Review 46(1932): 105-13; George H. Payne, The Child in Human Progress. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916, p.9.
182. Cited in Arnold Toynbee, editor, The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historkal Background to the Christian Faith. New York: World Publishing, 1967, p.296.
183. Robert D. Stolorow, "The Narcissistic Function of Masochism (and Sadism)" Inter-national Journal of Psycho-Analysis 56(1975): 443.
184. Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity" Journal of Roman Studies 61(1971): 80-101.
185. Jonathan Z. Smith, "Birth Upside Down or Right Side Up?" History of Religions 9(1970): 288.
186. Hippolytus, "The Refutation of All Heresies," in Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, editors, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, VoL V. New York: Charles Scribaer's Sons, 1925, p.77
187. Cited in Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion. New York: New American Library, 1958, p.197.
188. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation. New York: Harper & Row, 1958, p. 120.

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189. Wendell C. Beane and William G. Doty, editors, Myths, Rites & Symbois-A Mircea Eliade Reader. VoL 2. New York: Harper, 1976, p.44.
190. Jacques Rossiaud, "Prostitutions, Youth and Society in the Towns of Southeastern France in the Fifteenth Century" in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, editors, De-viants and the Abandoned in French Society; Sectictionsfrom the Anals: Economies, Soci6tts, Civilisations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978, p.6
191. See Judith D. Neaman, "Disorder in the Mind of the Middle Ages" Book Forum
5(1980):251-8.
192. Jbid., p.251.
193. Ibid., p.215.
194. Janice Delaney, The Curse, p.39.
195. See William Saffady, "Fears of Sexual License During the English Reformation." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1973):89-97
196. Norman Cohn, Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. New York: Basic Books, 1975, p.228.
197. H. R. Trevor-Roper, The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essayi New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
198. An outline of the concept can be found in Hanna Segal, Klein. London: Fon-tana/Collins, 1979, pp.78-90.
199. See Nigel Dennick, The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Man in Harmony With the Earth. London: Thams and Hudson, 1979, pp.45-9.
200. See Allison Coudert, Alchemy: The Philosopher's Stone. London: Wildwood House, 1980, pp.52, 116, 124.
201. For a discussion of Fortescue, see Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics: An In-troduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952, pp.42-S.
202. This is true of all of America's major wars. The two that started soonest after the beginning of the new presidency were minor wars: the Mexican and the Spanish-American; both started 14 months after the elections of Polk and McKinley. Note that even though the Civil War officially began immediately after the election of Lincoln, in fact it was his election (as war leader) that confirmed the war, which was the solu-tion to the unresolved "collapse" phase of the previous administration.
203. Cited in John Lukacs, The Last European War: September 1939-December 1941. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1976, p.45. My thanks to David Beisel for this reference.
204. In Lloyd deMause and Henry Ebel, editors, Jimmy Caner and American Fantasy. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1977; these were further elaborated in my "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal of Psychohistory 7(1979): SO~.
205. Washington Star, January 18, 1978.
206. Philip Nobile, "Talk With a Psychc}~Historian," Parade, November 10, 1977.
207. Kirkus Service, October 1, 1977
208. Harriet Van Home, New York Post, September 12, 1977
209. Allan L. Otten, Wall Street Journal, November 10, 1977.
210. Publishers Weekly, October 3, 1977
211. James A. Wechsler, "The Fantasy World of 'Psycholsistory,' "New York Post, October 21, 1977, p.31.
212. Bill Shipp, "Jimmy Carter and the Psychobabblers," Atlanta Constitution, October 5, 1977
213. Lloyd S. Etheredge, "Perspective and Evidence la Understanding Jimmy Carter," Psychohistory Review 6(1978): 54.
214. Patricia O'Toole, "Embattled Over Cho," Human Behavior July, 1978, p.64.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid.
217. "History's SO-minute Hour" Newsweek, April 18, 1977, p.96.

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218. Kenneth S. Lynn, The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 16,1978, p.48.
219. "History's 50-minute Hour," Newsweek, April 18, 1977, p.100.
220. Letter to Lloyd deMause from Jeanne N. Knutson, Ph.D., Executive Secretary, International Society of Political Psychology, dated January 10, 1977.
221. Letter to Lloyd deMause from Glenn Davis, dated February 25,1980.
222. Personal communication to Lloyd deMause from David Beisel.
223. Ibid.
224. Kenneth S. Lynn, The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 16,1978, p.48.
225. W. R. Bion, Experience in Groups, and Other Papers. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974, p.87.
226. Gerhard Bliersbach, "Der Straus in Uns" Psychologie Heute, March, 1980.
227. Lloyd deMause, "Historical Group-Fantasies" Journal of Psychohistory 7(1979): 50-6.
228. Time, April 30,1979, p.10; New York Times, May 2, 1979, p. A27; TRB, New Republic, February 17, 1979, p.37 and March, 1980, p.3; New York Times, August 7, 1979, p. AlS.
229. John Osborn, New Republic, August 4, 1979, p.13.
230. James Wechsler, New York Post, February 22, 1979, p.23; Max Lerner, New York Post, February 12, 1979.
231. Village Voice, March26, 1979, p.1.
232. New York Times, September 2, 1979, p. ElS; Us, July, 1979; New York Post, July23, 1979, p.1.
233. Time, July 30, 1979, p.22.
234. New York Times, July 27, 1979, p.17.
235. Newsweek, June 11,1979, p.71
236. New York Times, September 6, 1979, p.1.
237. See Michael Ledeen and William Lewis, Debacle: The American Failure in Iran. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
238. Ibid., p.189.
239. Ibid., p.221.
240. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," New York Times Magazine, May 28,1981, p.37.
241. Document reportedly obtained by Rep. George Hansen; see New York Post, November 28,1979, p.2.
242. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.44.
243. See my analysis of presidential personalities in Jimmy Carter and American Fantasy, pp.22-8.
244. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.46; see also Roy Childs, Jr., "The Iranian Drama," The Libertarian Review, February, 1980, p.29; New York Post, December 6,1979, p.3; Time, November 26, 1979, p.37; see also the Shah's doctor's libel suit settlement, New York Times, May 26, 1981, p. C2.
245. Bernard Gwertzman, New York Times, November 18, 1979, p. I.
246. Newsweek, November 19, 1979, p.68.
247. Terence Smith, "Why Carter Admitted the Shah," p.44.
248. New Yorker, December 24,1979, p.27
249. New York Post, November 9, 1979, p.2, November 12, 1979, p.3 and December 4, 1979, p.3.
250. James Bradey, New York Post, December 17, 1979, p.26.
251. See analysis of David Bendor, New York Times, February 3, 1980, p.10.
252. New Republic, February 16, 1980, p.10.
253. TRB, New Republic, January 5, 1980, p.3.
254. New York Post, December 15, 1979, p.7.

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255. New York Post, January 10, 1980, p.1.
256. Terence Smith, "Putting the Hostages' Lives First," New York Times Magazine, May 24, 1981, pp.81 and 92.
257. Nat Hentoff, Village Voice, February 25,1980, p.16.
258. New York Times, February 3, 1980, p. 20E; Time, February 4, 1980, p.12; Mary McGrory, New York Post, February 15, 1980, p.29.
259. New York Times, May 15, 1980, pp.1 and 34.
260. Terence Smith, "Putting the Hostages' Lives First," p.96; Drew Middleton, "Going the Military Route," New York Times Magazine, May 24, 1981, pp.103-12.
261. Ibid, p.103
262. Barbara Walters Show, ABC, June 10, 1980.
263. Russell Baker, New York Times, May 3, 1980, p.23
264. Mary McGrory, New York Post, November 8, 1980, p.9.
265. Time, November 5, 1980, p.10.
266. Tom Wolfe, "Let's Have a Call To Arms," New York Post, January13, 1981, p.33.
267. New York Times, July 16, 1980, p. AIO.
268. See Mircea Eliade's essay on "The Regeneration of Time" in his The Myth of the Eternal Return, or, Cosmos and History. New York: Princeton University Press, 1974, pp.51-92.
269. Independent TV News, January 30, 1981, 10:30 P.M.
270. ABC-TV News, January t8, 1981, 11:30P.M.
271. Hostage's mother, on NBC-TV news, January 18, 1981, 11:00 P.M.
272. Time, February 9, 1981, p.15.
273. New York Times, November 20, 1980, p. A34; Washington Post, February 27, 1981, p.1.
274. Flora Lewis, New York Times, March 9, 1981, p. Mi.
275 Newsweek, February 16, 1981, cover; Herbiock cartoons in Washington Post, February 27, 1981 and March 26, 1981.
276. Sen. Howard Metzenbaum, New York Times, March 13, 1981, p.1; Rep. Mario Biaggi, New York Times, June 7, 1981, p.22.
277. Wall Street Journal, February 11, 1981, p.29.
278. Newsweek, February 16, 1981, p.18; Lester Thurow, "How to Wreck the Fconomy," New York Review of Books, May 14, 1981, p.3.
279. "Transcript of President's Commencement Address" New York Times, May 28, 1981, p. D20.
280. Peter Martin, "Coming to Terms with Vietnam" Harper's, December, 1980, p.41.
281. Tad Szulc, "The New Brinkmanship," New Republic, November 8, 1980, p.18.
282. Covers of Time and Newsweek, March 23, 1981, New Republic and U.S. News, March 30, 1981. I am indebted to Cyril Cohen for the U.S. News reference.'
283. New York Post, April 1, 1981, p.4; Kansas City Star, April 19, 1981, p. 33A.

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