Citations: The Universality of Incest
  1. James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch, The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, p.100.
  2. Alfred L. Kroeber, "Totem and Taboo in Retrospect." American Journal of Sociology 55(1939): 446.
  3. Warner Muensterberger, "On the Biopsychological Determinants of Social Life." In Warner Muensterberger, ed., Man and His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology After "Totem and Taboo." London: Rapp & Whiting, 1969, p.35.
  4. Emile Durkheim, Incest: The Nature and Origin of the Taboo. New York: Lyle Stuart,
    1963 (1898); Edward Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage. London: Macmillan, 1921 (1894).
  5. George Peter Murdock, Social Structure. New York: Macmillan Co., 1947, p.13.
  6. Talcott Parson, cited in Blair Justice and Rita Justice, The Broken Taboo: Sex in the Family. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1979, p.37.
  7. Leslie White, cited in ibid, p.36.
  8. Claude Levi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship. London: Eyne and Spottiswoode, 1969, p.41.
  9. A historical survey of the huge literature on incest taboos can be obtained from Robin Fox, The Red Lamp of incest. New York: Button, 1980; W. Arens, The Original Sin: Incest and Its Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936; and David H. Spain, "Incest Theory: Are There Three Aversions?" The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1988): 235-253. Arens alone is clear about the lack of study of incest itself.
  10. John M. Goggin and William C. Sturtevant, "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (with Notes on Sibling Marriage)." In Ward H. Goodenough, Ed., Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock. New York: Mcgraw Hill, 1964, pp.179-219.
  11. J. R. Fox, "Sibling Incest." British Journal of Sociology 13(1962): 128-150.
  12. Barry D. Adam, "Age, Structure, and Sexuality: Reflections on the Anthropological Evidence on Homosexual Relations." The Journal of Homosexuality 11(1985): 19-33; Bernard Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984 and L'homosexualite intiatique dans l'europe ancienne. Paris: Payot, 1986.
  13. Anthony H. Manchest, "Incest and the Law." In John M. Eekelacer and Sanford N. Katz, eds. Family Violence: An International and Interdisciplinary Study. Toronto: Butterworths, 1978, pp.487-92.
  14. For overview or childhood history, see Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1982.
  15. 15. J. G. Jones, "Sexual Abuse of Children: Current Concepts." American Journal of Diseases of Children 136 (1982)142-146.
  16. The seduction theory is best traced historically in Jean 0. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Assocition 35(1987): 937-65; Norman N. Holland, "Massonic Wrongs," Amerkan Imago 46(1989): 329-352; Robert A. Paul, "Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson's The Assault on Truth." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 80985): 161-87; Zvi Lothane, "Love, Seduction, and Trauma." Psychoanalytic Review 74 (1987): 83-105; Elaine Westerlund, 'Freud on Sexual Trauma: An Historical Review of Seduction and Betrayal." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10(1986): 297-309; and Richard B. Ulman and Doris Brothers, The Shattered Self A Psychoanalytic Study of Trauma. Hillsdale, N.J.: The Analytic Press, 1988, pp. 65-78; and Emanuel E. Garcia, "Freud's Seduction Theory." In Albert J. Solnit and Peter B. Neubauer, eds. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. Vol.42. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987. All, however, have their shortcomings, so it is suggested there is no substitute to reading Freud himself
  17. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychologkal Works of Sig-mund Freud. "The Aetiology of Hysteria." Vol.111, (1986). London: The Hogarth Press, 1955, p.204.
  18. Freud, Standard Edition. "An Autobiographical Study." Vol. XX, (1925). p.34.
  19. Jeffrey Moussaleff Masson, The Assault on Truth. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984; Alice Miller, Thou Shalt Not &Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984.
  20. Freud, Standard Edition. "On the History of the Psycho-analytic Movement." Vol. XIV (1914), p.17.
  21. Freud, Standard Edition. "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality." Vol. VII (1905). p.86.
  22. Freud, Standard Edition. "Three Essays," p. 148; "Introductory Lectures on Psycho~Analysis." Vol. XVI (191&l7), p.370.
  23. Freud, Standard Edition. "Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis." Vol. XVI (191&17), p.370. It is true that Freud then went on to say that whether seduction had occurred in reality or in fantasy, "The outcome is the same, and up to the present we have not succeeded in pointing to any difference in the consequences, whether phantasy or reality has had the greater share in these events of childhood." Ibid. Today a psychotherapist would say that it certainly makes a difference whether incest occurred in reality or not. It would be important, for instance, to know whether Freud's father was or was not the "pervert" Freud called him-especially since, like most German children of his time he slept with his parents in infancy. The point here, however, isn't whether Freud's every clinical opinion is held today. It is only that Freud didn't deny that real childhood seduction all too often occurred in his patients and in the society around him.
  24. Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes: 1887-1902. New York: Basic Books, 1954, p.220.
  25. Karl Abraham, "The Experiencing of Sexual Traumas as a Form of Sexual Activity." In Selected Papers of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth Press, 1948. p. 48. Abraham's blaming of the victim is particularly clear in his case of the woman who was raped by her uncle in "On the Significance of Sexual Traumas in Childhood for the Symptomatology of Dementia Praecox. "In Karl Abraham, Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, p.14.
  26. This of course can only be ascertained for certain in the rare cases when the child analyst's full clinical notes have been preserved; the best example is Melanie Klein, Narrative of A Child Analysis: The Conduct of the Psycho-Analysis of Children As Seen in the Treatment of a Ten Year Old Boy. New York: Basic Books, 1960, where Mrs. Klein reports regularly avoiding asking whether the boy's reports of sucking his dog's penis and having his own penis sucked might have been cover memories for real incest, despite the boy's timid suggestion that "perhaps this had happened in the past with his brother." (p. 93) Klein, like Anna Freud, felt real childhood sexual events of little importance compared to internal fantasy.
  27. Bernard C. Glueck, Jr., "Early Sexual Experiences in Schizophrenia," in Hugo 0. Beigel, Ed., Advances in Sex Research. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, pg. 253.
  28. Judith L. Herman and Bessel A. van der Kolk, "Traumatic Antecedents of Borderline Personality Disorder." In Bessel A. van der Kolk, Ed., Psychological Thauma. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1989, p.116.
  29. Sandor Ferenczi, "Confusion of Tongues Between the Adult and Child." Final Contributions to the Problems and Methods of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980, p.162; Judith Dupont, Ed., The Clinical Diary of Sandor Ferened. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
  30. Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality. New York: International Universities Press, 1953; Phyllis Greenacre, Trauma, Growth and Personality. New York: International Universities Press, 1950; Annie Reich, "Analysis of a Case of Brother-Sister Incest." In Annie Reich, New York: International Universities Press, 1973, pp.288-311.
  31. Joseph C. Rheingold, The Fear of Being a Woman: A Theory of Maternal Destruc-tiveness. Nell York: Grune & Stratton, 1964.
  32. Robert Fliess, Symbol, Dream and Psychosis. New York: International Universities Press, 1973, p.212.
  33. Miriam Williams, "Reconstruction of an Early Seduction and Its Aftereffects." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 35(1987): 145-1 63.
  34. Judith Lewis Herman, J. Christopher Perry and Bessel A. van der Kolk, "Childhood Trauma in Borderline Personality Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 146(1989): 494.
  35. Joseph Peters, "Children Who Are Victims of Sexual Assault and the Psychology of Offenders," American Journal of Psychotherapy 30(1976): 401.
  36. Lawrence Z. Freedman, review of Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on Truth. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 36(1988): 187.
  37. John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion. New York: Bell Publishing Company, 1984 (1928); J. Z. Eglinton, Greek Love. New York: Oliver Layton Press, 1964.
  38. Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle of Erotica. New York: The Julian Press, 1963, p.22.
  39. Schultz' keynote speech at the first national conference on sexual abuse of children is cited in Sam Janus, The Death of Innocence: How Our Children Are Endangered by the New Sexual Freedom. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1981, p.126; see also Leroy G. Schulti, Ed., The Sexual Victimology of Youth. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1980; and LeRoy G. Schultz "Child Sexual Abuse in Historical Perspective." Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality 1(1982): 21-35.
    Other current scholarly works advocating pedophilia include Daniel Tsand, Ed., The Age Taboo: Gay Male Sexuality, Power and Consent. London: Gay Men's Press, 1981; Torn O'Carroll, Paedophilia: The Radical Case. London: Peter Owen, 1980; Edward Brongersma, Das verfemte Geschlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg, 1970. Brian Thylor, Ed., Perspectives on Paedophilia. London: Batsford, 1981; Fritz Bernard, Pedofifie. Bussum: Aquarius, 1975; Larry L. Constantine, "The Sexual Rights of Children: implications of a Radical Perspective." In Mark Cook and Glenn Wilson, Eds., Love and Attraction: An International Conference. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979; Edward Brongersma, Des verfemte Geshlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg, 1970; Tony Duvert, Le ton sac illustre. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1974; Richard L. Cur-rier. "Juvenile Sexuality in Global Perspective." In Larry L. Constantine and Floyd M. Mastinson, Eds., Children and Sex: New Findings, New Perspectives. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1981; Tony Duven, L'enfant au masculin. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1980; Joachim 5. Holunana, Ed., Paedophilie heute. Frankfurt am Main: Foerster, 1980; Theo Sandfort, The Sexual Aspect of Pedophile Relations: The Experience of Twenty-five Boys. Arnsterdam: Pan/Spartacus, 1982; Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out Homosexual Politia in England Since the 19th Century. London: Quartet, 1978; Parker Rossman, Sexual Experience Between Men and Boys: Exploring the Pederast Underground. New York: Association Press, 1976; Theo Sandfort, The Sexual Aspect of Pedophile Relations: The Experience of Twenty-five Boys. Amsterdam: Pan/Spartacus, 1982; Denrtis Drew and Jonathan Drake, Boys For Sale: A Sociological Study of Boy Prostitution. New York: Brown Book Co., l969; and the works cited in the journal Paidika.
  40. Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomery and Clyde Martin. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., p. 121.
  41. 41. Walter B. Pomeroy, "A New Look at Incest." Penthouse Forum, November, 1976, p.10.
  42. Recent bibliographic aids include Mary De Young, Incest: An Annotated Bibliography. Jerferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1905; Rick Rubin and Greg ByerIy, In-cest The Last Taboo: An Annotated Bibliography. Nell York: Garland, 1983; David Finkeihor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: The Free Press, 1984; David Finkelhor, et at, A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986; Melodye L. F. Dabney, Incest An Annotated Bibliography: Offenders, Victims, Families, Theatment Programs. Eugene, Oregon: M.L.F. Dabney, 1982; Benjamin Schlesinger, Sexual Abuse of Children: A Resource Guide and Annotated Bibliography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982; William Parker, "Homosexuality in History: An Annotated Bibliography.." Journal of Homosexuality 6(1980/81): 191-210; Wayne R. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987; William Parker, Homosexuality Bibliography. Second Supplement, l97&~982. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1985; Joan Scherer Brewer and Rod W. Wright, eds., Sex Research: Bibliography from the Institute for Sex Research. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1979; Vern L. Bullough, W. Dorr Legg. Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner, eds., An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality. Two Vols. New York: Garland, 1976; Thomas M. Homer, Homosexuality and the Judeo- Christian Tradition: An Annotated Biwiography. Metucleen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981; Carolyn F. Wilson, Violence Against Women: An Annotated Bibliography. Boston: 0. K. Hall, 1981; Nancy Sahli, Women and Sexuality in America: A Bibliography. Boston: G. K. Hall Co., 1984; Urich Herrmann, Susan Renftle and Lutz Roth, Bibliographic zur Geschichte dir Xindheit, Jugend und Familie. Muenchen: Juventa Verlag, 1980; Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret Sexual Abuse of Children. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice:-Hall, 1980; Veal L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in society and History. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1976; R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest: A Psycho-Social Study of Incest Based on Clinical and Historic data. New York: Ace Books, 1970; Luciano P.R. Santiago, The Children of Oedipus: Brother-Sister Incest in Psychiatry, Literature, History, and Mythology. Roslyn Heights, N.Y.: Libra Publishers, 1973; Herbert Maisch, Incest. London: Deutsch, 1973; Parker Rossman, Sexual Experience Between Men and Boys: Exploring the Pederast Underground. New York: Association Press, 1976; Edward Brongersma, Das verfemie Geschlecht. Munich: Lichtenberg, 1970; John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1988; Judith Ennew, The Sexual Exploitation of Children, London: Polity Press, 1986; Jill F. Korbin, Ed., Child Abuse and Neglect Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981; Larry L. Constantine and Floyd M. Martinson, Eds., Children and Sex.. New Findings, New Perspectives. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1981; Joachirn S. Hobmanri, Ed., Paedophilie heute. Frankfrut am Main: Fos'nter, 1980; Thomas Marland Homer, Homosexuality and the Judeo-Christian Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981; Wolf Vogel, Berbotene Liebe: Paedophilie and strafende Gesellschaft. Regensburg: Roderer, 1981; Robin Lloyd, Boy Prostitution in America. New York: Vanguard Press, 1976; Gitta Sereny, The Invisible Children: Child Prostitution in America, West Germany and Great Britain. New York: Knopf, 1985; W. Arens, The Original Sin: Incest and Its Meaning. Oxford: Oxford Univershy Press, 1986.
  43. Reviews of prevalence studies include Carolyn Swift, "Sex Between Adults and Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 4(1977): 369-384; Diana F. H. Russell, The Secret Thauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. New York: Basic Books, 1986, pp.59-91; Stefanie Doyle Peters, Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and David Finkeihor, "Prevalence," In David Finkeihor et al., A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986, pp.15-55; and John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1988, pp.2441.
  44. Susan Diesenhouse, "Child Abuse Victims Face System Made For Adults." The New York Times, March 6, 1988, p. 26E.
  45. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde F, Martin and Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1953, p. 117; Kinse'y's raw material is reanalyzed in John Gagnon, "Female Child Victims of Sex Offenders." Social Problems 13(1965): 176-92.
  46. Judson T. Landis, "Experiences of 500 Children with Adult's Sexual Deviance." Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement 30(1956): 91-109.
  47. Stafanie Doyle Peters, Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and David Finkelbor, "Prevalence," In David Finkdhor, et at, Eds., A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986, pp.15-55; Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and Siefanie Doyle Peters, "Methodological Considerations in Research on the Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse." Child Abuse and Neglect 10(1986): 241-51; and Gail Elizalteth Wyatt and Stefanie Doyle Peters, "Issues in the Definition of Child Sexual Abase in Prevalence Research." Child Abuse a Neglect 10(1986): 231-9.
  48. Gail Elizabeth Wyatt, "The Sexual Abuse of Afro-American and White Women in Childhood." Child Abuse a Neglect 9(1985): 507-19; and Diana E. H. Russell, The Secret Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
  49. Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.70.
  50. Brenda J. Vander Mey, "The Sexual Victimization of Male Children: A Review of Previous Research." Child Abuse a Neglect, 12(1988): 61-71.
  51. Some authors think boys may be sexually abused as often as girls; the literature is reviewed by Kee MacFarlane, et al., Sexual Abuse of Young Children: Evaluation and Treatment. New York: The Gullford Press, 1986, pp.9-10; also see Robert L. Johnson and Diane K. Shrier, "Sexual Victimization of Boys: An Adolescent Medicine Clinic's Experience." Ms., Newark: University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, n.d. and Mic Hunter, Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims Of Sexual Abuse. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1990.
  52. The evidence for the higher incidence of childhood sexual abuse in these populations is reviewed in Crewdson, By Silence' Betrayed, p.208; Rush, The Best Kept Secret, p. 5; Adele Mayer, Sexual Abuse: Causes, Consequences and Treatment of Incestuous and Pedophilic Acts. Holmes Beach, Florida: Learning Publications, 1985, pp.64; M. Serrill, "Treating Sex Offenders in New Jersey." Corrections 1(1974): 13-24; Mimi H. Silbert and Ayala M. Pines, "Early Sexual Exploitation as an Influence in Prostitution." Social Work 28(1983): 285-9; Cathy Spatz Widom, "Does Violence Beset Violence? A Critical Examination of the Literature," Psychological Bulletin 106(1989): 3-28; Elaine Carmen, Patricia Perri Rieker and Trudy Mills, "Victims of Violence and Psychiatric Illness," American Journal of Psychiatry 141(1984): 378383.
  53. Russell thinks her numbers are underestimated since 36 percent of the households in her study refused to be interviewed and these probably had higher vitimilation rates. See Diana Russell, lecture, May 17, 1988, Waukesha, Wisconsin, reported in Carol Poston and Karen Lison, Reclaiming Our Lives: Hope for Adult Survivors of Incest. Boston: Litfie, Brown and Co., 1989, p.259.
  54. MacFarlane, Sexual Abuse of Young Children, p.7; Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.162.
  55. Robert Dube, "Sexual Abuse of Children Under 12 Years of Age: A Review of 511 Cases." ChildAbused Neglect 12(1988): 313.
  56. The first two factors, the higher-rate populations excluded from the studies and the Suppression of memories, only account for a few additional percentage points. The third factor, the higher rate for households refusing to participate in the studies, is in'. possible to quantify, so I have here not corrected for this fact. The fourth factor can, however, be quantified, since the recovery of repressed memories for an estimated 90 percent of the incidents prior to age five and for an estimated 35 percent of the in-cidents after age five would boost the overall rate by almost 50 percent. For a study which concludes that patients "who were abused early in childhood" were the most likely to suffer "massive repression" of memories, see Judith L. Herman and Emily Schatzow, "Recovery and Verification of Memories of Childhood Sexual Trauma." Psychoanalytic Psychology 4(1987): 1-14. The figures I use, therefore, should be con-sidered conservative.
  57. Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.35.
  58. Herman and Schatzow, 'Recovery and Verification," pp.1-14. Other studies find even the ability of young children under five years of age to correctly remember traumatic events is "uncanny"; see Lenore Terr, "What Happens to Early Memories of Trauma? A Study of Twenty Children Under Age Five at the Time of Documented Traumatic Events." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27(1988): 96-104. Also see Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.169.
  59. John Leopold Weit, Instinctual Stimulation of Children: From Common Practice to Child Abuse. 2 Vols. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989, These volumes are by far the best available on the Consequences of incest and other traumatic child abuse practices.
  60. Russen, The Secret Thauma, p.101.
  61. Ibid, p.100.
  62. Ibid, p.216.
  63. Alan Sroufe arid Mary Ward, "Seductive Behavior of Mothers of Toddlers: Occurrence, Correlates, and Family Origins." Child Development 9(1980): 1222-29; CIare Havuessettum and Richard D. Knigman, "Sexualized Attention: Normal Interaction of Precursor to Sexual Abuse?" American Journal of Orthospychiatry 59(1989):23845.
  64. J G. Jones, "Sexual Abuse of Children: Current Concepts." American Journal of Diseases of Children 136(1982): 142-6.
  65. As, for instance, in the case histories of Elizabeth Ward, Father-Daughter Rape. New
    York: Grove Press, 1985.
  66. David Finkeihor, Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. New York: Free Press, 1984; J. Michael Cupoli, "One Thousand Fifty-nine Children With a Chief Complaint of Sexual Abuse." Child Abuse & Neglect. 12(1988): 158.
  67. Ibid, p.160.
  68. Gail Ryan, "Juvenile Sex Offenders: Development and Correction." Child Abase & Neglect 11(1987): 385-95
  69. E. Brown, T. Flanagan and M. McLeod, Eds. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics-I983. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1984; A. Groth and C. Loredo, 'Juvenile Sexual Offenders: Guidelines for Assessment." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 25(1981)31-39.
  70. Russell, The Secret Trauma, p.388.
  71. Mic Hunter, Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims of Sexual Abuse. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1990; Mike Lew, Victims No Longer Men Recovering From Incest and Other Sexual Child Abuse. New York: Harper & Row, 1990, p.58.
  72. Ibid.
  73. Heary B. Bill and Richard S. Solomon. Child Maltreatment and Paternal Deprivation. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986, p.59.
  74. An excellent bibliographic review is contained in Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversion. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1988.
  75. Ibid.
  76. John Leopold Weil, Instinctual Stimulation of Children: From Common Practice to Child Abuse. Two Vols. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989; Gail Elizabeth Wyatt and Gloria Johnson Powell, Eds., Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse. Newbury Park, Cauf.: Sage, 1988; Brandt F. Steele, "Notes on the Lasting Effects of Early Child Abuse Throughout the Life Cycle." Child Abuse & Neglect 10(1986): 283-91; Liz Tong, Kim Oates and Michael McDowell, "Personality Development Following Sexual Abuse." Child Abuse & Neglect 11(1987): 37143; Alison Ftshman Gartner and John Gartner, "Borderline Pathology in Post-Incest Female Adolescents." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 52(1988): 101-113; Anathony P. Mannariarino and Judith A. Cohen, "A Clinical-Demographic Study of Sexually Abused Children." Child Abuse & Neglect 10(1986): 17-23; Wendy Maltz and Beverly Holman, Incest and Sexuality: A Guide to Understanding and Healing. Lexington.
  77. 77. R. F. Badgley, Sexual Offenses Against Children. 2 Vol". Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Center, 1984.
  78. Stephen 0. Murray, Ed., Male Homosexuality in Central and South America. New York: GAU-NY. 1987.
  79. Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty San Juan and New York. New York: Vintage Books, 1965, p. xxvi.
  80. E. N. Padilla, "An Agrarian Reform Sugar Community in Puerto Rico." Doctoral dissertajon, Columbia University, 1951.
  81. Romon Frendandez-Marina, "Brief Communications." Psychiatry 24(l961): 79-82.
  82. J. M. Carrier, "Mexican Male Bisexuality." In F. Klein and T. Wolf, eds., Bisexualities: Themes and Research. New York Hayworth Press, 1985, pp.75-85.
  83. Jean La Fontaine, Child Sexual Abuse. London: Polity Press, 1990; Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed, p.33; Jill E. Korbin, Ed., Child Abuse and Neglect Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981; Richard J. Gelles and Ake W. Edfeldt, "Violence Towards Children in the United States and Sweden." ChildAbuse& Neglect 10(1986): 501-10; Patricia]. Mrzaek, Margaret A. Lynch, Ar-non Bentovim, "Sexual Abuse of Children in the United Kingdom." Child Abuse & Neglect 7(1973): 147-53; Christopher J. Hobbs and Jane NI. Wynne, "Buggery in Childhood-A Common Syndrome of Child Abuse." The Lancet, October 4, 1986, p.792-6; C. J. Hobbs and J. M. Wynne, "Sexual Abuse of English Boys and Girls: The Importance of Anal Examination." Child Abuse & Neglect 13(1989): 195-210; Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox, The Child-Lovers: A Study of Pedophiles in Society. London: Peter Owen, 1983; also see bibliography in Dorothy P. Wells, Com-piler, Child Abuse: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1980.
  84. Neil Elliott, Sensuality in Scandinavia. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970; Swend Riemer, "A Research Note on Incest," American Journal of Sociology 45(1940):
    56&75.
  85. Jean S. La Fontaine, "Child Sexual Abuse and the Incest Taboo: Practical Problems and Theoretical Issues." Man n.s. 23(1988): 1-18.
  86. Wetriarer Newt Zeitung, October 13, 1988, p.1; Iris Galey, 'Ich weinie nicht, als Vater sfarb. Bern: Zytglogge Verlag, 1988; see also infant t. issues 1988 to 1990.
  87. enfant 1.6(1989): 10-11.
  88. Personal communication from Karin Wellenkotter and Detlef Iterenawi of the Institute fuer Kindheit, Berlin.
  89. Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood." In deMause. Ed.. The History of Childhood. New York: The Psychohistory Press, 1974, p.51; Lloyd deMause, "Appendix: On the Demography of Filicide." In deMause, Foundations of
    Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 117-121; Lloyd deMause, "The History of Childhood in Japan." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 147-51.
  90. Katherine Mayo, Mother India. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1927, pp.25-26; also see Mayo's many subsequent books and other books written in response to hers, a bibliography of which can be found in Harry F. Field, After Mother India. New York:
    Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929; and David and Vera Mace. Marriage: East and West. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1959.
  91. Mayo, Mother India, p.26
  92. R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest A Psycho-social Study of Incest, Based on Clinical and Historic Data. New York: Ace Books. 1970, pp.4647
  93. Ganamath Obeyesekere, The Cult of the Goddess Pattini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  94. S. N. Rampal, Indian Women and Sex. New Delhi: Printoy, 1978, pp.69-71.
  95. Ibid, p.71.
  96. R. E. L. Masters, Patterns of Incest, pp.4647.
  97. Manisha Roy, Bengali Women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972, p.24.
  98. Ibid.
  99. K. M. Kapadia. Marriage and Family in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
  100. L. D. Sanglivi, "Inbreeding in India." Eugenics Quarterly 13(1966): 291-301; P.5.5, Rao and S. G. lnbaraj, "Breeding Effects on Human Reproduction in Tamil Nadu of South India." Annals of Human Genetics a41(1977): 87-98; A. K. Ohosh and P. P. Majumder, "Genetic Load in an Isolated Population of South India." Human Genetics 51(1979): 203-8.
  101. 101. Ibid, pp. 110-13.
  102. Ibid, p.24.
  103. AlIen Edwards, The Cradle of Erotica. New York. The Julian Press, 1963, pp. 133-134, citing Dr. Jacobs: (non de plume), L 'Ethnologie du Sens Genitale. Paris, 1935, a book I have been unable to locate.
  104. S. N. Rampal, Indian Woman and Sex, p.69.
  105. Ibid, p.23.
  106. Katherine Mayo, Volume Two. London: Jonathan Cape, 1931, p.47.
  107. Mayo, Mother India, p.25. Also see G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High Caste Hindus. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967; Shakuntala Devi, The World of Homosexuals. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1977; Johann Jacob Meyer, Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study of the Comparative History of Indian Culture. Two Vols. New York: Dutton, 1930.
  108. Katherine Mayo, Slaves of the Gods. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929, pp. 137-8
  109. Kamalabai Deshpande, The Child in Ancient India. Poona: Arya Samskrti Press, 1930, p.193.
  110. Patricia Jeffery, Frogs in a Well: Indian Women in Purdah. London: Zed Press, 1979.
  111. Mayo, Mother India, p.112.
  112. Johann Jakob Meyer, Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture. Vol. 1. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1930, p.58.
  113. A. K. Sur, Sex and Marriage in India: An Ethnohistorical Survey. Bombay: Allied Publisbers, 1973; I have adjusted 1921 census figures by 20 percent to allow for overstating of age, in accordance with evidence given in the census itself; see Harry F.Field, After Mother India. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1929, p.48-51. On the difficulty of enforcing child marriage laws in India, see David and Vera Mace. Marriage: East and West. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1959, pp. l90-201.
  114. Eleanor F. Rathbone, Child Marriage: The Indian Minotaur. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1934, p.37; and Mayo, Volume Two, p.139.
  115. Mayo, Volume Two, p.63.
  116. Ibid, pp.68, 52-3.
  117. Moni Nag, "Sex, Culture, and Human Fertility: India and the United States." Current Anthropology 13(1972): 231-7; Wendy Doniger O'Raherty, Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980; "Romance and a Little Rape." Time, August 13, 1990, p.69.
  118. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva. London: Oxford University Press, 1973; Nigel Davies, The Rampant God: Eros Throughout the World. New York: William Morrow, 1984; Blair Justice and Rita Justice, The Broken Taboo: Sex in the Family. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1979, p.38; Main Denie'Iou, Les Quatre Sens da la Vie a l'Jnde Thaditionelle. Paris: Librairie AcadEmique Perrin, 1963.
  119. Verrier EIwin, The Baiga. London: John Murray, 1939,
  120. Ibid, p.193.
  121. Verrier Elwin, The Muria and Their Ghotul Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947, pp.322-439.
  122. Ibid, p.358.
  123. S.S. Shashi, Night Life of Indian Tribes. Delhi: Agarn Prakarltan, 1978, p.48.
  124. Eiwin, Muria, p.340.
  125. Ibid, pp.333-338.
  126. Ibid, p.343.
  127. Ibid, p.369.
  128. Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983.
  129. Richard L. Currier, "Juvenile Sexuality in Global Perspective." In Larry L. Constantine and Floyd M. Martinson, Eds., Children and Sex: New Findings, New Perspectives Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1981, p.18. 
  130. Verrier Elwin, The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin: An Autobiography. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press, 1964, p.167; 5. S. Shashi, Night Life of Indian Tribes. Delhi: Agam Prakashan, 1978.
  131. Francis L. K. Hsu, Americans and Chinese: Purpose and Fulfillment in GreatCivilizations. Garden City, N.Y.: The Natural History Press, 1970, p.75; Francis L. K. Hsu, Under the Ancestors' Shadow: Kinship, Personality, and Social Mobility in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971, p.221.
  132. Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Voelkerkunde. Anthropologische Stu-dien. II, stark vermehrte Auflage, bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Max Bartels. Band 1. Leipsig, 1887; Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story of Human Sex-uality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, p.228 reports "Some Hindus believe that in-tercourse with a bride whose hymen is unbroken is dangerous for the groom. conse-quently, some mothers practice 'deep cleansing' on their very young daughters which tears the girls' hymen."
  133. Wou-Chan Cheng, Erotologie de Ia Chine. Paris: J. J. Pauvert, 1963; Robert Hans van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China.' A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 BC till 1644 AD. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961; Michel Beurdeley, The Clouds and the Rain.' The Art of Love in China. London: Hammond & Ham-mond, 1969; Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices.' The Story of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, pp.233-44; Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976, pp. 281-314; Taisuke Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs.' The Structure of Intimate Politics. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1970; Andrea Sankar, "Sisters and Brothers, Lovers and Enemies: Marriage Resistance in Southern Kwangtung." Journal of Homosexuality 11(1985):69-82; John Barrow, Travels in China. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1804; Pan Kwong-Tan, Psychology of Sex. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1947; Dennis Drew and Jonathan Drake, Boys for Sale.' A Sociological Study of Boy Pro-stitution. New York: Brown Book Co., 1969, pp.97-107; Michel Beurdeley, et al., Chinese Erotic Art. Rutland, Vermont: Thttle, 1969; Arnold C. Brackman, The Last Emperor. New York: Scribner's Sons, 1975; Chang Ching-Sheng, Sex Histories.' China'~ First Modern Treatise on Sex Education. New York: Bantam Books, 1972; Jean-Jacques Matignon, "Deux mots sur la pederastie en Chine." Archives d'an-thropologie criminelle 14(1899): 38-53; Pan Kwong-Tan, Psychology of Sex.Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1947; Wang Shu-Nu, Chung-kuo ch'ang-chi shih [The History of Chinese Prostitution]. Shanghai: Sheng-huo shu-tien, 1935; Wei-Hsing- Shih-Kuan-Ch'i-Chu, Chung-kuo t'ung-hsing-luan-mi-shih [The Secret History of Chinese Homosexual Practices]. Two Vols. Hong Kong: Chai-you chu-pan-she, 1964; Akira Ishihara and Howard S. Levy, The Tao of Sex. Yokohama:Shibundo, 1968; Peter Tompkins, The Eunich and the Virgin.' A Study of Curious Customs. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1962; Charles Humana, The Keeper of the Bed.' The Story of the Eunuch. London: Arlington Books, 1973; Richard Burton, "Terminal Essay." In Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Vol. X. New York: Burton Club, 1886.
  134. Arthur P. Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang, Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980; D. C. Buxbaum, Chinese Family Law and Social Change. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.
  135. Magnus Hirschfeld, Men and Women.' The World Journey of a Sexologist. New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935, p.79.
  136. . Taisuke Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs.' The Structure of Intimate Politics. Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle, 1970
  137. Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve.' The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, p. 133.
  138. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, p.147
  139. Ibid, p. 194.
  140. The mui tsai system still existed until recently, although formally made illegal afterChina became a Republic in 1912; see Lt.-Commander and Mrs. H. L. Haslewood,Child Slavery in Hong Kong.' The Mui Tsai System. London: The Sheldon Press,1930; and Margery Wolf, The House ofLim.' A Study of a Chinese Farm Family. NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.
  141. Robert Brain, The Decorated Body. New York: Harper & Row, 1979, p.89.
  142. Howard S. Levy, Chinese Footbinding.' The History of a Curious Erotic Custom. London: Neville Spearman, n.d., p.70.
  143. David and Vera Mace, Marriage.' East & West. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co.,1959, pp.75-6; Levy, Chinese Footbinding, pp.52, 82-88.
  144. Levy, Chinese Footbinding, p.34.
  145. A typical example, Ibid, p.83: "My toes were pointed, my instep bent down,/And though I cried out to Heaven and Earth,/ Mother ignored me as if she were deaf./My nights were spent in pain,/My early mornings in tears;/I spoke to Mother by my bed;/How you worry when I'm ill,/How frightened if I fall!/Now the agony from my feet has penetrated the marrow of my bones,/And I am plunged into despair, but you,/You don't care a bit about me."
  146. Lloyd deMause, "The History of Childhood in Japan." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 147-51.
  147. Yoshiko Ikeda, "A Short Introduction to Child Abuse in Japan." Child Abuse & Neglect 6(1982): 487-492.
  148. James Fallows, Atlantic Monthly, September 1986, p.37; these pornographic works are currently being investigated by Kenneth Alan Adams and Lester Hill, Jr.; see their "Protest Anality in Japanese Group-Fantasies," The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 113-51; and Kenneth Alan Adams, "Oedipal Themes in Japanese Group-Fantasy." Presentation, International Psychohistorical Association Eleventh Annual Convention, June 11, 1988, and forthcoming in The Journal of Psychohistory.
  149. Saikaku Ihara, Comrade Loves of the Samurai. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. TuttleCo., 1972 (c. 1680); Louis Frederic, Daily Life in Japan at the Time of the ~amurai. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972; Donald H. Shiveley, "Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the Gewoku Shogun." In Albert M. Craig and Donald H. Shiveley, Eds., Personality in Japanese History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970; H. Paul Varley, The Samurai. London: Widenfeld and Nicolson, 1970; Ian Buruma, Behind the Mask.' On Sexual Demons, Sacred Mothers, Transvestites, Gangsters, Drifters and Other Japanese Cultural Heroes. New York: Pantheon, 1984; Margaret Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage." Gai Saber 1(1977): 41-45; Daniel Marc, "Les amants du soleil levant." Arcadie 66(1949): 356-51; Ihara Saikaku, Tales of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1972; Friedrich Salomo Krauss, Das Geschlechtsleben in Glauben, Sitte, Brauch und Gewohnheit der Japaner. Second Ed., Leipzig: Ithnologischer Verlag, 1911; George Ryley Scott, Phallic Worship.' A History of Sex and Sex Rites in Relation to the Religions ofAll Races From Antiquity to the Present Day. London: Torchstream Books, 1941, p.228; Michael Czaja, Gods of Wyth and Stone.' Phallicism in Japanese Folk Religion. New York: Weatherhill, 1974. For the age of geisha, see J. E. De Becker, The Nightiess City, or The History of the Yoshiwara Yukwaku. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Thttle Co., 1971(1899); and Liza Crihfield Dalby, Geisha. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983, p.197; Paul Gordon Schalow, "Male Love in Early Modern Japan: A Literary Depiction of the 'Youth."' In Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey, Jr., Hidden From History.' Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. New York: New American Library, 1989.
  150. J. E. DeBecker, The Nigh tless City, or, The "Histoty of the Yoshiwara Yukwaku." Yokohama: Z. P. Maruya & Co., 1899.
  151. Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata, The Love of the Samurai.' A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality. London: GMP Publishers, 1987; Ihara Saikaku, The Great Mirror of Male Love. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
  152. Michio Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese Culture." The Journal of Psychohistory17(1989): 43-72; Luciano P. R. Santiago, The Children of Oedipus.' Brother-Sister Incest in Psychiatry, Literature, History and Mythology. Roslyn Heights, N.Y.: Libra Publishing, 1973, pp.83-90.
  153. William J. Schull and James V. Neel, The Effects of Inbreeding in Japanese Children. New York: Harper & Row, 1965; William J. Schull and James V. Neel, "The Effects of Parental Consanguinity and Inbreeding in Hirado, Japan."American Journal of Human Genetics 24(1972): 425-53.
  154. Shunichi Kubo, "Researches on Incest in Japan," Hirosh ima Journal of Medical Science 8(1959): 99-159.
  155. Howard S. Levy and Michiko Kawatani, Trans. Japan's Dirty Old Man.' Sex Adven-tures of Hirota Kicchomu (1628-1717). South Pasadena: Warm-Soft Village Press, 1979, p. 3.
  156. Robert J. Smith & Ella Lury Wiswell, The Women of Suye Mura. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp~ 68-72; Douglas C. Haring, "Aspects of Per-sonal Character in Japan." In Douglas C. Haring, Ed., Personal Character and Cultural Milieu. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1956, p.416.
  157. John Connor, Takie Sugiyama Lebra, George DeVos and Alan Roland, personal communications.
  158. Joy Hendry, Becoming Japanese.' The World of the Pre-School Child. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986, pp.21, 44; Mizushima Kanae, Shinshitsu Haibun ni Miru Oyako no shinsosei [Parent-child intimacy as seen in sleeping arrangements].
  159. Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese Culture," p. 54.
  160. Lebra, Japanese Women, " Constraint and Fulfillment Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984, pp. 176-80.
  161. Coleman, Family Planning in Japanese Society, p.177, finds most families respond to questions about why they have sex in the same bed with children by saying it would be "selfish" not to do so.
  162. Ibid, p.191.
  163. Ibid, p.188.
  164. Kimi Kawana. Misshitsu no Haha to Ko [Mother and Child in the Closed Room]. Tokyo: Ushio Shuppan Sha, 1984.
  165. Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices.' The Story of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, p~ 246, cites Kinsey-style studies that show from 60 percent to 90 percent of Japanese husbands have extramarital intercourse.
  166. Michio Kitahara, "Incest-Japanese Style." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 445-50.
  167. Machio Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese Culture," The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 56.
  168. Coleman, Family Planning in Japanese Society, p.178.
  169. Mutsuo Takahashi, Ed., Kinjirareta Sei [Forbidden Sex]. Tokyo: Ushio Shuppan Sha, 1984.
  170. Michio Kitahara, "Childhood in Japanese Culture," The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 43-72.
  171. Jim McDermott, "Asia-Epicenter of the AIDS Epidemic." The Washington Post, June 23,1991, p. B7.
  172. Abeelwahab Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985; Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Ed., Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu, Calif.: Undena, 1979; Jinoo S. Southgate, "Men, Women and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di." Iranian Studies 17: 413-52; Jefim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry." Sefarad 15(1955): 55-68; Minoo S. Southgate, "Men, Women and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di." Iranian Studies 17(1984): 413-52; C. H. Bousquet, L'e~thique Sexuelle de l'Islam. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1966; Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin, Symbols and Value in Zoroastrianism.' Their Survival and Renewal. New York: Harper & Row, 1966; J. S. Slotkin, "On a Possible Lack of Incest Regulations in Old Iran." American Anthropologist 49 n.s.(1947): 612-17; Richard Burton, "Terminal Essay." In The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Vol.10. New York: Burton Club, 1886, pp. 63-302; Samuel M. Zwemer, Childhood in the Moslem World. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1915; Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love." Gay Sunshine 32(1977): 1-11; Donald Little, An Introduction to Mamluk Historiography. Niontreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1970; Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Niasters, The Cradle of Erotica. New York: The Julian Press, 1963; Allen Edwardes, The Je~el in the Lotus.' A Historical Survey of the Sexual Culture of the East. New York: The Julian Press, 1959, pp.97-99, 183-253; Jonathan Drake, "'Le Vice' in Turkey," International Journal of Greek Love 1(1966): 13-27; Edgar Cregersen, Sexual Practices.' The Story of Human Sexuality. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983, pp. 201-14; Arno Karlen, Sex-uality and Homosexuality.' A New View. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1971, pp. 233-6; David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 172-82; Vern L. Bullough, Sexual Variance in Society and History. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976, pp. 205-44.
  173. Ingeborg Baldauf, Bacabozlik: Boylove, Folksong and Literature in Central Asia. Paedika 2(1990)12-31.
  174. Gregersen, Sexual Practices, p, 203; Walter Cline, Notes on the People of Siwah and ElGarah in the Libyan Desert. Menasha, Wisc.: George Banta Publishing Co., 1936; Edwardes and Masters, The Cradle of Erotica, pp, 245-6.
  175. Edwardes and Masters, The Cradle of Erotica, pp 40, 42, 239-45.
  176. Abdeiwahab Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, p. 32.
  177. James A. Bellamy, "Sex and Society in Islamic Popular Literature," in Afaf Litfi Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam, p.37; Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, p.33.
  178. Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco." In Warner Muensterberger et al, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Vol. IX. New York: The Psychohistory Press, 1981, pp.15-36.
  179. Because of their incestuous childhoods, Arabs are obsessed with purification, and have developed rituals wherein they are constantly washing the genitals and anal areas, including rubbing the penis against stone objects to empty their impure urinary tract; see Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, pp.46-7.
  180. Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, pp.119, 168.
  181. Ibid, pp.165,169, 171 and 173.
  182. Edwardes and Masters, The Cradle of Erotica, p.300.
  183. Nawal El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World, Boston: Beacon Press, 1980, p.14.
  184. Ibid
  185. Zwemer, Childhood in the Moslem World, pp, 98-9.
  186. El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, pp 20-23.
  187. Ibid.
  188. Frank P. Hosken, The Hosken Report.' Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females. Lexington, Mass.: Women's International Network News, 1979; Janice Boddy, "Pharaonic Circumcision in Rural Northern Sudan." American Ethnologist 9(1982): 682-98; Edwardes, The Cradle of Erotica, pp. 57-64; Bullough, Sexual Variance, pp. 219-20; El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, pp.7-li, 33-42; Hamed Ammar, Growing Up in an Egyptian Village. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954; Marie Bassili Assaad, "Female Circumcision in Egypt: Social Implications, Current Research, and Prospects for Change." Studies in Family Planning 11(1980): 3-16; Rose Oldfield Hayes, "Female Genital Mutilation, Fertility Control, Women's Roles, and the Patrilineagein Modern Sudan "A functional Analyis." American Ethnologist2(1975):617-33; S.E. Grahm, Female Circuscision Excisison and Infibulation. London: MinorityRights, 1985; Ragael Patai, The ArbMind. New York: GharlesScribers Sons,. 1983 Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoners of Ritua: An Odysesy into Female Genital Circumcision inAfrica. New York: Harrington Park Press. 1989. Pia Grassivaro, :a circoncisisionfemminile in Somalia:una ricerca sul camp. Maliano:P. Angeli, 1986; Lilian P,.Sanderson, Female Genital Mutilation, Excision adn Infibulation: A Bibliography. London: The Anti-Slavery Societyfor thePRotection of Human Rights, 1986; Olayinka Koso-Tomas, Circumcision of Women:A Strategyfor Eradication. London: Zed Boooks, 1987; Tobe Levin, "'Unspeakable Atrocities': ThePsycho-sexualEtiologyofFemale Gental Muilation." The Journal ofMindand Behavior,.1(1980): 197-201
  189. Marie Bonaparte, "Notes on Excision." Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences, 2(1950): 70.
  190. El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, p.34.
  191. Fran P. Hosken, Female Sexual Mutilations: The Facts and Proposals for Action. Lexington, Mass.: Women's International Network News, 1980, pp.6 and 0.
  192. Ibid, p.15.
  193. Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoners of Ritual, p.12.
  194. El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve,pp. 7-8.
  195. Hamed Ammar, Growing Up In An Egyptian Village. New York: Octagon Books, 1973, p.121; Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite of Return; Circumcision In Morocco." In Warner Muensterberger and L. Bryce Boyer, Eds. The Psychoanalytic Study ofSocie-ty. VoL IX. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1981, pp. 15-36.
  196. Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960, p.3.
  197. Bruno Bettleheim, Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1954, p.84.
  198. Yehudi A. Cohen, The Thansirion From Childhood to Adolescence: Cross- Cultural Studies of Initiation Ceremonies, Legal Systems, and Incest Taboos. Chicago: Aldine, 1964; John W. M. Whiting, Richard Kluckhohn and Albert Anthony, "The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty." In Eleanor F. Maccoby, Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley, Eds., Readings in Social Psychology. Third Edition.New York: Henry Holt, f1958; Theodor Reik, Ritual: Psycho-analytic Studies. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1975, p.120; John Cawte, N. Diagamara and M. G. Barrett, "The Meaning of Subincision of the Urethra to Aboriginal Australians." British Journal of Medkal Psychology 39(1966): 245-253. The best psychoanalytic reviews of genital mutilation theories are Vincent Crapanzano, "Rite of Return Circumcision in Morocco" and Robert Bates Graber, "A Psychocultural Theory of Male Genital Mutilation." The Journal for Psychoanalytic Anthropology 4(1981):41 3-434.
  199. Edgar Gregersen, Sexual Practices: The Story of Human Sexuality. New York:Franklin Watts, 1983, pp.101, 106-7 and 295; Armando R. Favazza and Barbara Favazza, Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, p.159.
  200. Robert Brain, The Decorated Body. New York: Harper & Row, 1979, p.87; Allen Ed-wardes, The Jewel in the Lotui A Historical Survey of the Sexual Culture of the East. New York: The Julian Press, 1959, p.95; Y. V. Chabukswar, "A Barbaric Method of Circumcision Among Some of the Arab Tribes of Yemen." Indian Medical Gazette 56(1921): 48A9; Favazza, Bodies Under Siege, p.98; Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p.54; Charles Humana, The Keeper of the Bed: The Story of the Eunuch. London: Arlington Books; Peter Tompkins, The Eunuch and the Virgin. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1962; Rosalind Miles, The Women 's History of the World. Topsfield, Mass.: Salem Rouse, 1988, p.38.
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