1. The sponsor of the American Imago, the Association for Applied Psychoanalysis, ap-pointed me their Director of Research, and I conducted my initial research on The History of Childhood hook under their auspices, but they actually refused to publish anything in their journal that resulted from my work. See Lloyd deMause, Psycho-geneotogy: New Directions of Research in Applied Psychoanalysis. Report to the Association for Applied Psychoanalysis, Inc,, December 2, 1968

2. The closest anthropologists came to recognizing the lautological quality of the "culture and personality" modeL was in Melford Spiro's excellent artkle "Culture and Personality: The Natural History of a False Dichotomy," Psychiatry 14 (195l):l9~, Few took his words to heart, and psychoanthropology today is still taught as "culture and personality" in most college courses.

3. Asking the questi6n this way, of course, opens one to the charges of "psychological reductionism," and predictably these charges have been made against much of my writing since that time. When one, however, removes the pejorative tone from the charge and instead accepts the goal of reductLon as part 0f the search for scientific simplicity, one ends up with a model of what philosophers have termed "methodological individualism," which accepts that only individuals have motives, but allows that individuals in groups may have different motives than when alone. This methodological stance only works, of course, when the psychological theory one works with is "social" at base, as is psychoanalysis, where the individual psyche is already teeming with "others." See j .W.N. Watkins, "Methodological Individualism and Non-Hempelian [deal Types," in Leonard I. Krimerman, ed., The Nature and Scope r,f Social Science: A Critical Anrhrc}kigy. New York: Appleton-Cent~y-Crofts, 1969, pi'. 457-72; George C. Ijornaris, The Nature' of Social Science. New York: ilarcourt, Brace and World, 1967.

4. Sigmund Freud, quoted in Herman Nunherg and Ernst Federn, eds., Minutes 0/the Vienna P4vhoanaiyiic Society. 1908-1910, New York: Iniernalional Universities Press, [967, p. 174.

5. Ceza Roheim, "The Evolution of Culture," in Bruce Mazush, ed., Psychoanalysis and History. Englewool Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1963, p. ~4.

6. Geza Roheim, Prychoanolysts and Anthropology: Cu/lure. Personality attd the tin-conscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, p. 62.

7. Arthur Ili:. Rippler, "Culture and Per~natity Perspective of the Yotngu of Nor rheastern Ambem Land: Par J~Ear1y Socialization," JournalofpsychologicaiAn-Ibropology 1(1978): 223-44.

8. Robert A. Paul, "Review of Lloyd deMause's Foundations of Psychohistory, "The Journal of Psychoanajylic Anthrr4:oh,gy 5(1982):469.

9. In 1988, after a decade or pubikation, the readership of The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology had dropped from a high of two thousand to only three hundred, and I had to incorporate it into The Journal of Psyclrohisroty. Only ilip-pIer, as editor, wrote the kind of childrearing articles which we had hoped the journal "'quId attract.

10. Lloyd deMause, "Reply to Paul, Ilalley and Ciraber," JournalofPsyc.hoana/yiicAn-thropology 5(19s2):4834.

11. James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Cornplete Psychological tt'orks of Signiund Freud. Vol. XXI. Lotidon: The Hogartln Press, pp.95, 104~5. While Freud wisely ends the essay with a demurral about whether civiL' zaflon causes unhappiness (p. 244), his wbote purpose is to show Ibat civilization proceeds at the expense of sex-ual happiness, panic~arly at the expense of childhood sexual freedom. Where he was led astray by anthropologists is in the empirical facts: actua]ly. most "uncivilized" (Contemporary nonAiterate tribal) children are in fact sexually molested by adults, not sexually repressed by them,' see Lloyd deMause, "What Incest Barrier?" and "The Universality of Incest," Ihe Journal of Psychohistory l5(l9~8) aid forthcoming.

12. Freud, "Civilization and its Discontents," p. 115.

13. The phrase is that of Frank F. Manuel, "The Use and Abuse of Psychology in History," Daedalus IOO(197t):203.

14. Philippe Ari~s, Centuries of Childhood.' A Social History of Family Uc. London: Jonathan Cape, 3962. For a bibliography of works cattier than Anies, see Hoyl deMause, Foundations ofPsychohistory. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1962, pp. 64-66.

15. Arils, Ibid, r). 101, 106.

16. 'bid, pp. 103,105.

17. Jean H~roard. Journalde l'enfanceer de laprennierejeunessede Louis XUr. Edited by Fudore Soulie' and Edouard de Barthtierny. 2 v~s. Paris: Firmin Didot Fr~res, fits Cs cie. 1868.

18. Elizabeth ,Wirth Marvick, Louis XIIL' The Making of a king. New Haven: Yale University Press, 3986, p.223,

19. Alan Valentine, ed., Fathers to Sons: Advke Without Consent. Norwan, Oklahoma: University of Oktahoma Press, 1963, p. xxx.

20. Despite this staternent, the author was a careful and honest hktorian, who reported accurately an the horrors she discovered in seventecnth-centurr French childhood; see Elisa' beth Wirth Marvick, "Na~re Versrs Nurture: Patterns and Trends in Seventeenth-Century French Child-Rearing," iri Lloyd deMause, ed., The History of Childhod. New York: Psychobistory Press, 1974, pp.259-301. It was only her conclutons which were divorced from the evidence she so carefully reported.

21. John Demos, A Litrie Conrnton wealth: Pirrni(r Uc in Plyniouth Colony. New York: Oxford Press, 1970.

22. See Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohtstory. New York: Creative Roots, l9~2, pp 125-6, Demos's statement about Farle's lack or evidence can be found on page 133 or A Little Cotrimon wealth.

23. John Demos, "Child Abuse in Context: An Historian's Perspective,'' in his Past, Pre-sent and Personal: Ihe Family and The Life Course inAmencan Hkiory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp.68-91. Predictably, when this book was pttblished many advocates of hitting children cited Demos's work as evidence that colonial Americans could hit their children without abusing them; see' 'Positive Side of Spank-ing," Des Moines Register, September 7, 1988, p. II.

24. Ibid, p.87

25. Ibid, pp.81-82.

26. Pauline Maier, "Family Feuds," The New Republic, April 13, 987, p.39.

27. Cited in James Bruce Rtsss, ''The Middle-Glass Child in Urban Italy, Fourteenth to Early Sixteenth Century," in Lloyd deMause, ed., Tire' History ofChildhooj New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974 (reprinted, New York: Peter Bedrick Books; 1988), pp. 198-99

28. Ibid, p. 198.

29. Unfortunalely, with only a tifty-page introduction to give my extensive evidence. I had to be satisfied with long footnotes backing up each conclusion by marty typical Cx-amples from primary sources; what had to he left out was the usual lengthy discus-sions of the reliability of cacti of the sources, which would have taken three times that space alone and would have meant I would have had to publish a full book of my own. In view of the frequent criticism of this essay for sot containing this. scholarly discussion, perhaps it was a mistake not to have published a full book of my own from the start. However. without rIte other nine cotitributors being present, the book would likely not have been reviewed or read by the general historical community~as, for in-stance, was the case with my Foundations ofPss'cltohisrory and Reagan'sAtnerica. In any case, this discussion of the reliability ofsources wiLl be published more lilly in my next two books.

30. Lloyd deNlause, "The Evolution of Childhood," in deMause, The History of Childhood, p. I.

31. joseph F. Ken, The American Historical Review 80(t975):1296.

32. E.P. Hennock, Soeia~ Hktoryv, 3(1978):237. Marvick and Hennock's supposition that swaddling was primarily a way to keep babies warm is contradicted by many sources: infants were riot unswaddled during hot summers; hot countries swaddled as often and as long as cold countries; swaddling appears to have been introduced first in Egypt and Mesopotamia; etc.

33. Alan Macfarlane, English Historical Review' 92(1977):594.

34. Keith Thomas, New Statesman, 16 April 1976, p.512.

35. Philippe An'~, "Dc 'enfant roi A l'enfant martyr," Revue Psychotogie 68(1975):6.

36. Besides the American edition, the book was published in England (London: Souvenir Press, 1974); Germany (Bore ihr die Kinder weinen: Fine psychogenetrsche Geschichte der kindheit. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1977); Italy (Storia deIt'infanzia. Milano: Emme Edizioni, 1983); Spain (Historia de Ia infancia. Madrid: Aliana Editorial, 1982); and my introductory essay was reprinted in France as the opening chapter of my Lesfondations de Ia psycirohistorie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982 and by itself in German (Veber die Geschiehte der Kindheit. Frankfurt: Sulirkamp Verlag, 1979) and in Japanese (Tokyo: Kaimeisha, 1988). My introductory essay was also reprinted in my Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Crearive Roots, 1982, pp.1-83 and elsewhere in abbreviated form.

37. Lawrence Stone, "The Massacre of the Innocents," New York Review of Books; November 14, 1974, p- 29. Stone would later overcome his bewilderment and call my work "psychological reductionism of the most extreme type." Sec Lawrence Stone, ihe Past and the Present. Boston: Routledge & Kegart Paul, 1982, p.41.

38. E.P. Hennock, Soc-jot History 3(1978): 235,237.

39. Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 976, p.S.

40. Ibid, p.248-9. In answer to those who doubted Davis' reliability of evidence, reviewer Henry Lawton "personally made a random survey of relevant material nor cited in the book and found ample confirmation for its conclusions. Glenn Davis has, I think, done quite well in avoiding the pitfall of reading too much into his evidence." Henry W. Lawron, "History and rIle Lives or Children," The Jotirnal of Psychohistory 4(1977):531.

41. The New York Times Book Review, April24, 1977, pp. 11,41

42. Robert H, Bremmer, American Historkal Review, 82(1977): 1319-20.

43. howard I. Kushner, Journal ofAnterican History 65(1979):1090.

44. The single review or Davis which considered his evidence-quite fairly in my opi-nion-was by the psychoanalyst Miles ~. Shore, "'The Psychogenic Theory of History," Journal of lnrerdisciplinary History 9(1979):5 17-523. Shore also had earlier written one of the most perceptive reviews of The History of Childhood, "The Child and Historiography," Journal of interdisciplinary History 4(1976)495-505

45. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory p. 300'. David R. Beisel, "From History to Psychohistory: A Personal Journey," The Journal of Psychohistory 5(1978):l-66.

46. Kenneth S. Lynn, The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 16, 1978, p.48.

47. Letter to Lloyd deMause, Glenn Davis, February 25, 1980.

48. William L. Langer, "Infanticide: A Historical Survey," Hislory of Childhood Quarterly l(1974):353-65; "Further Notes on the History of Infanticide" History of Childhood Quarterly 2(1974): 129-134.

49. RIchard C. Trexler, "Inranticide in Florence; New Sources and First Results," History of Childhood Quarterly l(1973):98-l 16; "The Foundlings of Florence, 1395-1455," History of Childhood Quarterly l( 1973):259-84.

50. Emily Coleman, "Medieval Marriage Characteristics: A Neglected Factor in the History of Medieval Serrdom," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2(1971):207-215; "L'inranticide dans Ic Haul Moyen Age," Annales: deonotnies, soci4te's, civilisotions, (1974):315-335. Also see the evidence presented by S. Ryan Johansson, "Centuries of Childhood/Centuries of Parenting: Philippe Arus and the Modernization of Privileged Infancy," Journal of Family History 12(1987):355 that seventeenth-century ruling-class families had as high infant death rates as the lower classes. who were "poorly nourished, badly housed, and embedded in a filthy, disease-ridden environment," showing that these rich parents "did not want all the in-fants born to them to survive.

5I. "The Formation of the American Personality Through Psychosp'eciation: Appendix: On the Demography or Filicide," The Journal of Psychohistory 4(1976):l-30, reprinted in deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp.105-131.

52. Joseph Kelt, American Historical Review 8o(1975):1296.

53. Ibid, pp. 117-18. Unfortunately, Herlihy declined my invitation to reply to my analysis of his and other statistics, and has not defended his "miscounting" hypothesis anywhere else since then.

54. Barbara A. Kellum, "Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages," History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1974):367-388; R.H. Helmholz, "Infanticide in the Province of Canterbury During the Fifteenih Cent ury,'' littrory ~,f ( 'Irthihood ottarterly 2(1975):379-90.

55. Lloyd deMause, ''On the Demography or Filicide,'' Foundations of Psycqtohtstory. New York: Creative RooLs, 1982, p. 123.

56. Bogna W. Lorence, "Parents and Children in Eighteenth-Century Europe," History of Childhood Quarterly 2(1974):l.

57. Alenka Puhar, "Childhood in Nineteenth-Century Slovenia," The Jounial of Psychohistory 12(1985):291-312 and Alenka Puhar Prrottto besedilo Z~Vfl:tr~U (The Prinnary Text ofLifeJ. Zabreg: Globus, 1982.

58. Puhar, "Childhood in Nineteenth-Century Slovenia," pp- 294-301.

59. Friedhelm Nyssen, Die Gesehichie der Kindheir bei L. Dc Abuse: Quellernhskussion. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1985. See also his "Gescbichte der Kindheit als Schwarze Paedagogik? Zu Kaiharina Rutschkys Kritik an L. deMause" Jahrbuch der Aindileit 4(1987):55-66.

60. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Cbildren in Germany, 1860-1978," The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980):249-279; also see Aurel Ende, "Bibliography on Childhood and Youth in Germany from 1820-1978: A Selection,'' The Jountal of Psy{i)Qhisrory 7(1980):281-287; Aurel Enle, "The Psychohisiorian's Childhood and the Hi' tory of Childhood," The Journal ofpsychohiswry 9(1981):173-8: Auret Ende, "Zur ('.c'cliichtc der Stillfeindlichkeit in Deutschland, 1850-1978," Kindheit 1(1979), 203-14.

61. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820," The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987):39l -422; Raffael Scheck, "Aspeicte deutscher Kin-dheit: 1740-1820." Jahrbuch der Kindheii 4(1987)11-35.

62. Ibid, pp.414-S.

63. Seymour Byman, "Child Raising and Melancholia in Tudor England," The Journal of Psychohistory 6(1978):85.

64. Ibid, p.73

65. Karen Taylor, "Blessing the House: Moral Motherhood and the Suppression of Physical Punishment," The Journal of Psychohistory l5(1987):431-54.

66. KarenJ. Taylor, "VenereaL Disease in Nineteenth-Century Children," Thejournalof Psychohistory 12(1985):43 1-63.

67. This estimate was a personal communicatinn to me from Karen Taylor.

68. Barbara Finkelstein, "Pcdagogy as Intrusion: Teaching Value' in Popular Primary Schools in Nineteenth-Century America," History 'j Childhood Quarterly 2(1975):349-78; "In Fear of Childhood: Relationships Between Parents and Teachers in Popular Primary Schools in the Nineteenth Century," Ibstory of Churl/rood Quarterly 3(1976):321~35; "The Twain Shall Meet: The History of Childhood and the History of Education in Documents," The Journal ofPsychohistory44l977):553-59,' "Schooling and the Discovery of Latency in Nineteenth-Century America," The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985):3-12,' Barbara Finkelstein, ed., Regulafed Children/Liberated Children: Education in Psychohistoricat Perspective. New York: Psychohistory Press 1979

69. Barbara Finkelstein, "In Fear of Childhood," pp.321-2.

70. Ardyce Masters, "The Doll as Delegate and Disguise," The Journal of Psychohistory I3(1986):293-307

71. Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making ofAmerican Sodal Policy Against Family Violencefrom Colonial Times to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, p.46.

72. Roger Thompson, "Popular Attitudes Towards Children in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 1649-1699," The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985):146.

73. Ibid, p. 156.

74. Joseph F. Illick, "Does the History of Childhood Have a Future?" The Journal of Psychohistory I 3(19851:159-70.

75. Aurel Ende, "Comment," The Journal of Psychohistory t3(1985):l74.

76. Besides The History of Childhood and Histor;;' and Childhood in America, the Psychohistory Press also published in the field of childhood history: Lloyd deMauc, ed., The :\Yw Psychohistory (1975); Helm Stierlin, Adolf flit/cr: A Family Perspec-ut-c (1976)'. Barbara Finkelstein, ed., Regulated CItildretr/Lil)erated Children: Edttco-ton in Psyc.hohistoricalPerspective(1979); and Vivian Fox and Martin Quiti, Loving, Parenting and Dying: Dre Patnily C,r'c.le in England and Attrerica, Past and Present, (1980).

77. Joseph Itlick, "Does the History of Childhood Have a Future?" p. 165.

78. See sources cited in footnote 122, Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood,'' in deMause, ed., The history of Childhood, p.62, plus Tertullian, Apcflogy, 2-4, 7-9, and his Ad Nationes, 1,7, 10. Also see extensive sources in G. Charles-Picard, Les religions de l'AJr'ique antique, Paris 1954.

79. Lawrence E. Stager and Samuel R. Wolff, "Child Sacrifice at Carthage: Religious Rite or Population Control?" Bil,h',al Archaeology flerdew, January/February 1984, p.31-SI; PG. Mosca, Child Sacrifict in Canaanite and Israelite Religion.' A Study in Malk and Molech, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1975: L.E. Stager, "The Rite of Child Sacrifice at Carthage" in i.G. Pedley, ed., New Light on Ancient Car-thage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980; M. Weinfeld, "The Worship of Moleeb and of the Queen of Heaven and Its Background," Ugan't-Forsc.hrttrgen 4(1972):133-i54; Malcolm W. Browne. "Relics of Carthage Show Brutality Amid the Good Life," The New York Times, September 1,1987, pp. Cl, C3.

80. Peter Warren, "Knossos: New Excavations and Discoveries," Archaeology, July/August 1984, pp. 47~55.

81. Emil Eyben, ''Family Plannin8 in Antiquity." trans. by P. Van Dessel,Ancientsocie-ty I l/l2(1980/1981):5-82. Also see E.E. Vardiman, Die Frau in der Artik,. Sit-tcngeschichie der Frau im Altertuert. Wien-Duesseldorf: Leon, 1982.

82. Henry Ebel, "The Evolution of Childhood Reconsidered," The Journal of Psychohistory 5(1977):67-s0.

83. Ibid, p, 67,.

84. Ibid, pp.71 and 76.

85. Ibid, p.77

86. Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Chitethood," in deMause, ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, p.3,

87. Peter Petschauer, ''Growing Up Fetnale in Eighteenth-Century Germany," The Jour-nalofPsychohistory t1(1983):181; "Children of Afers, or 'Evolution of Childhood' Revisited," The Journal ofPsychohistory l3(1985):138.

88. Petschauer, "Children of Aters," pp. 121-44.

89. Lloyd deMause, "Evolution of Childhood," pp.32-35.

90. Peter Petschauer, ''Intrusive to Socializaing Modes: Transitions in Eighteenth-Century Germany and Twentieth-Century Italy," The Journal of Psychohistory
14(1987):257-70.

91. ibid, p.259

92. Ibid, p.260.

93. The reason I have yet to address these questions ofdifferential evolution ofchildrear-mg practices (first approached in my article "The Formation or the American Per-sonality Through Psychospeciation," Foundations of Psychohistory, New York:
Creative Roots, 1982, pp.105-131) is that, unlike Darwin, I had no Linnacus available to devise classifications. Only now that a rough outline or childrearing stages is emerg-mg can one begin to set out evolttrionary mechanisms affecting psychospeciat ion and begin to explain why some groups are still eating their babies, as Paleolithic man did, and some are empathic toward them and help them grow up to mature adults.

94. Alice Miller, Prisoners of Childhood. New York: Basic Books, 1981 (Published in paperback as The Drama of the Gifted Child); Alice Miller, For Your Own Good:
hidden Critelty in Child-Rearing and rho Roots of Violence. New York: Far-rar/Straus/Giroux, 1983; Alice Miller, Thou StraIt Not Be A ware.' Society's Betrayal of the Cit lid. New York: Farrar/Straus/Girou~, 1984.

95. Alice Miller, For Your Own Good, p.62.

96. Katharina Rutschky, ed., Schwar;e Paedogogik: Quellen zur i\'aturgeschichte der
batergerlichen Erziehung. Frankfurt/Ntain-Berlin-W Len: Ullstein Buecher, 977;
Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chrc)nik: IVunsch- und Schrakens.bilder aus
var Jahrhunderten. Koeln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1983.

97. Kaiharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, pp. xxx-xxxni.

98. Friedhelrn Nyssen, ''Geschichte der Kindheit ails Schwarze Paedgogik? Zu Katharina Rntschkys Kritik an L.. deMause," Jahrbucls der Kinclheit 4(l987):55-66.

99. See Aurel Ende's review of the recent litcraturc in his ''Children in History: A. Per-sonal Review of the Past Decade's Priblished Research," The Jounral of Psychohistory I l(1983):6S-88.

100. Klaus Arnold, Kind und Gesellschaft in Mittetalter 'and Rertaissarice. Paderborn: Fer-dinand Schoeningh, 1980, p.14. Arnold appears to have misread my "Evolution" ar-ticle and betieves I said all children today were being raised in the "helping mode." See review of Arnold's book by Peter Petschauer, The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1984):259-il. Other works doubting improvement in childhood can be found discussed in Aurel Ende, "Children in History: A Personal Review of the Past Decade's Published Research," The Journal of Psychohisfory I l(1983):63-88.

101. Linda A. PolLock, Forgotten Children: Parent-(::hild Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

102. Review of Pollack by John R. Gillis, Journal of InterdisctpIinary History l6(1985):142-44.

103. Review of Pollaelt by Peter K. Smith, Bulletin of the British Psychological Society (1984):1S8.

104. Review or Pollock by Sophie Freud, Dynamic Psychotherapy 4(1986)'.92,

105. Review of Pollaek in the Journal Of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
22(1986):259.

106. She does devote three pages to newspaper reports, but only uses them to conclude that "parents could not treat their children exactLy as they pleased, even when there was no specific law to protect children." (p.95)

107. Ibid, p. 172.

108. "The fl'nal list of sources was checked against those in Linda Pollock's Forgotten Children . . - to Insure that every source she examined had been included." Elizabeth Fleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy Against Family Violence From Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 205.

109. Ibid, p.237.

110. Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children, pp.199, 268. Besides the dependence only on the reports of the parents and the use of argutnenlum cx silenho, Polleck uses other means to distort what she found, such as: the substitution of her word "smack" for parents who used the word "whip" (e.g., p.174,175),' the selective use ofevidence, as when she says Witliarn Byrd was "against harsh discipline" because he once said he thought his wife too cruel to his niece, though another time, which Pollock does not relate, he often whipped her himself and once forced her to "drink a pint of piss" (p. 152'. Byrd's statement can be found in his diary for 8 October 1710; for a full discus-sion or Byrd as a parent, see john F. Walzer, ''A Period of Ambivalence: Eighteenth-Century American Childhood," in Lloyd deMause, The Hisrory of Childhood, pp. 351-382); her odd practice throughout the book or labeling a diarist by the date of his or her birth, rather than by the time they wrote, so that, for instance, M. Woods (1748-1821) writes in the late 18th century but is included in the period 170049 by Pollock, thus having the affect of making all statements seem evidence for conditions
a full generation earlier than they were (p.156). She also, like most critics, distons my thesis by presenting it as though I said that all parents in every century were acting in the same childrearing mode-so that everyone today is part of the helping mode and totally empathic to their children-whereas I actually said previous childrearing modes persist in later periods, so that all six modes can be found among today's
parents.

111. Aurel Ende, "Children in History: A Personal Review of the Past Decade's Published Research," The Journal of Psychohistory 11 (1983):73.

112. Philip Creven, The Protestant Te~npera,r,ent: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Rehgious Lxperience and the Self in Early Atrierica. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977, pp
265-70.

113. l~twrcncc Stone, The lamely, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York:
Ilarper & Row, 1977, p.758. For excellent reviews of the shortcomings of Stone's book and his misuse of primary sources, see Seymour Byman, "Psychohistory At-tacked," The Journal of Psychohistory 5(1978):575-586 and Vivian Fox,
"Comment" Ibid, 587-597.

114. Lawrence Stone, "The Massacre of the Innocents," The New York Review oJBooks, November 14, 1974, p. 29. Stone's book, however, is far richer in sources for childhood than most of the others.

115. Daniel Blake Smith, "Autonomy and Affection: Parents and Children in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Families," in Harvey J. Graff, ed., Growing Up in America:
Historical Experiences Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987, p.138. Otherex-amples of books on childhood that sidestep the emotional life of children which have been published since our book include Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Fattidy. New York: Basic Books, 1975; Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann, Die Kindheu:
ICine Kulturgesthidite Frankfurt/M,: Insel Veriag, 1979; Jean-Louis Flandrin. l~'atiiihes in I'ortirer Times;' Kinship, Ilouseholc£ and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University l~ress, 1979; Datuel Blake Smith, Inside the Great house: Planter l"aiiiily Life if, Eighteenth-c 'entury C'hesapeake Society.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980; Wilhelm Theopold, Das Kind in der Votivmalerei. Munchen: Verlag Kral Thiemig, 1981; Ferdinand Mount, The Subversive Family: An Alternative History of Love and Marriage. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982; C. John Sommerville, The Rise and Fall of Childhood. New York: Sage Publications, 1982; Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univtrsity Press, 1982; James Waln'n, A Child's World: A Society History of English Childhood, 18OO~I9J4. London:
Penguin, 1982; Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983; Stephen Wilson, "The Myth of Motherhood a Myth: The Historical View of European Child-Rearing," Social History 9(1984):181-198; N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, Growing Up in Atnerica: Children in Historical Perspective, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985; Alan Macfarlane, Marriage and Love in England: Modes of Reproduction
1300-1840. London: Blackwell, 1986; John Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Mar-riages 1600 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
In contrast, Elizabeth Wirth Marvick's excellent Louis XIIP The Making of a King (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), although it does not address itself to ques-tions of historical change because it is only about a single child, is an important excep-tion to the Scotomizing of unpleasant facts from which the other works mentioned above suffer. Similarly, Elisabeth Badinter's Mother Love: Myth & ReaIity-Moth~r~ hood in Modern History (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980) is an excellent source for French childhood history, although her overall theory that mother love suddenly was invented only because the child had acquired a "commercial value" is an unfortunate one. Similarly. Jonathan Gathorne-Ilardy's The Rise and Fall of the British Nanny (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1972) and Ronald Pearsall's ~Wht's Black Angels: The Forms and Facrs of Victoria,, Cruelty (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975) have excellent material on British childhood in the nineteenth cen-tury.

116. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

117. Anew publisher for The History ofChddhood has just reprinted it in hardcover and paperback editions: Peter Bedrick Books (New York), 1988.

118. Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children. Engrewood Cliffs:
Prentice-flail, 1980. Although Rush apparently wrote this book without having discovered any of our work on the history of sexual abuse, ii is an excellent piece of historical detective work in an impossibly difficult held.

119. Gerald M. Edelman, Neural Darwinism: The theory of Neuronal Group Selection, New York: Basic Books, 1987. If Edelman is correct, then the evolution or childhood not only determines the way we see the world (an adult who was swaddLed as a baby sees a different world than one which had been allowed freedom) but also determines the actual anatomy of our brain (an aduLt who was swaddled as a baby has quite dif-ferent neural structures than one who was free). For the conjunction of Freud and Edelman, see Israel Rosenfield The Invention of Memory: A New View of the Brain. New York: Basic Books, 1988.